Mental Health Illness and Stigma Literature Review

Emotional well-being Illness and Stigma Literature Review 1. Presentation 1.1 Mental sickness and disgrace Imbalances in wellbeing administrations conveyance and usage for individuals with psychological maladjustment has been broadly documented.1 Subsequently this outcomes in more unfortunate results for this populace as to general wellbeing, for example, circulatory sicknesses, mortality from normal causes, and access to mediations .2-4 Several issues have been recognized as adding to these inconsistencies in wellbeing administration access and conveyance, incorporating stigma.5-6Stigma related with dysfunctional behavior has been characterized as pessimistic perspectives shaped based on bias or falsehood that are activated by markers of illness.1-5Illness markers incorporate atypical practices, the kinds of medicine endorsed and observable drug related unfriendly effects.5-7These markers take into consideration the continuation of disgrace concerning individuals with psychological instability, however they likewise permit network drug specialists to distinguish patients with a wide scop e of what are frequently unaddressed wellbeing related needs.1 Behavioral and mental scatters are assessed to represent 12% of the worldwide weight of ailments. Psychological well-being connected meds represent >10% of all meds endorsed by general clinical practitioners8, in this way, network drug specialists must interface with patients experiencing emotional wellness problems.9 Mental sickness is pertinent to rehearsing drug specialists who can assume imperative jobs in the treatment of patients with mental illness.10 Throughout the last 50% of the earlier century, the conclusion and pharmacological treatment of dysfunctional behavior improved radically.9 1990-2000 was broadcasted the Decade of the Brain. to advance the investigation of clutters of the cerebrum, including mental illnesses.11 Despite these advances, the shame related with psychological instability stays a convincing negative component in society.10 Unfortunately medicinal services experts, including drug special ists are not immune to such destructive attitudes.9 Pharmacists perspectives toward dysfunctional behavior and the intellectually sick are critical on the grounds that they can influence their expert communications and clinical decisions.12-13 what's more, they could at last influence the conveyance of pharmaceutical consideration which has been characterized as the drug specialist accepting the accountability for positive patient outcomes.14 Activities like prescription advising and checking of treatment have been reported to improve both fulfillment and adherence to medicate treatment in patients with mental illness.15 It has been called attention to that drug specialists must turn out to be increasingly associated with such exercises for patients with mental illness.9 1.2 Optimizing the utilization of prescriptions for psychological sickness Network care offers numerous favorable circumstances over institutional consideration; notwithstanding, it can put additional requests on family, companions and essential human services practitioners.16 Health experts have distinguished individuals with psychological sickness as the most provoking patients to manage.8 The quality and availability of network care for individuals with dysfunctional behavior should be improved.17 The proper utilization of prescriptions assumes a basic job in the viable administration of psychological instability, regardless, there is proof that psychotropic meds are frequently utilized inappropriately.18-19 Elderly individuals are particularly vulnerable with the impacts of psychotropic meds, and may encounter unfavorable impacts, for example, cardio harmfulness, disarray and undesirable sedation .8 Contributing components to the high paces of resistance to psychotropic meds incorporate, psychosocial issues, the development of symptoms, and the deferred beginning of activity of energizer medication.20-21 Medical co-dismalness is likewise normal, and polypharmacy expands the danger of medicine abuse and medication tranquilize interactions.22 The World Health Organization (WHO) has demonstrated that the incorporation of drug specialists as dynamic individuals from the human services group can improve psychotropic prescription use.23 The advantages of progressively captivating emotional wellness administration clients in their own administration is bolstered by both clinical experience and research evidence.24 A foundational survey of the job of drug specialists in psychological well-being care, distributed in 2003, presumed that drug specialists can realize upgrades in the protected and successful utilization of mental medicines.23 The wide scope of pharmaceutical administrations gave by network drug specialists are possibly appropriate to helping patients and prescribers streamline the utilization of meds for mental illness.8 2. Technique 2.1 Literature search system Pubmed (1965-March 2010), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970-March 2010), Embase (1974-March 2010), Cinahl (1981-March 2010) and Psychinfo (1972-March 2010) were looked through utilizing text words and MeSH headings including: network pharmacist.s, pharmacist.s, pharmaceutical consideration, pharmaceutical administrations, psychological sickness, mental scatters, disgrace and dysfunctional behavior, intellectually sick people, melancholy, schizophrenia, bipolar turmoil, insane clutters, psychotropic medications, energizer specialists, benzodiazepines, uneasiness operators and antipsychotic specialists. ~550 abstracts were perused. Reference arrangements of recovered articles were checked for any extra applicable distributed material. Prohibition measures included articles not distributed in English, no administration gave by drug specialists, not pertinent to dysfunctional behavior, and studies and overviews that were completed to assess pharmacist.s benefits in emergency c linic inpatient or intense consideration settings. The writing search distinguished 88 papers that revealed or talked about network pharmacist.s association under the watchful eye of patients with psychological instability. 2.2 Inclusion models and audit method For area 3.1 of the conversation, studies and studies directed into the perspectives of network drug specialists toward psychological sickness and the effect of shame were thought of. The writing audit methodology for area 3.2 of the conversation, which manages upgrading the utilization of drug for psychological maladjustment, contrasted from that of 3.1, as studies without control gatherings, consequences of postal overviews and subjective meetings were rejected. Studies with an equal benchmark group that revealed the arrangement of administrations by network drug specialists in network and private matured consideration offices were thought of. This included preliminaries explicitly directed for people with a psychological instability, and investigations of drug audits and training activities to improve the utilization of medicine for dysfunctional behavior. Papers that detailed pharmacist.s mediations in nursing homes were incorporated, in light of the fact that network drug specia lists habitually offer types of assistance to nursing homes. Investigations of pharmacist.s exercises as a major aspect of multi-disciplinary groups were additionally included. The writing search recognized 57 papers that detailed or talked about network drug store administrations to advance the utilization of prescriptions for psychological maladjustment. 3. Conversation 3.1 Mental ailment and disgrace While the perspectives on the public9 and of certain medicinal services professionals25 and social insurance students26-28 toward psychological sickness have been all around archived throughout the years, there are constrained quantities of examinations getting to network drug specialists and drug store student.s mentalities. Dark red et al.12 analyzed the perspectives of 250 baccalaureate drug store understudies toward psychological sickness, Phokeo et al.29 considered the standpoint of 283 network drug specialists toward clients of mental medicine, Cates et al.9 itemized the perspectives of network drug specialists toward both dysfunctional behavior and the arrangement of pharmaceutical consideration to patients with psychological sickness, and Black et al.1 contemplated the fulfillment that patients with psychological instability have with administrations given by network drug specialists. 3.1.1 Community pharmacist.s perspectives toward patients with psychological maladjustment As a rule, drug specialists express positive, fair perspectives toward mental illness,1, 9, 29, 30 and in general they show empowering mentalities toward the arrangement of pharmaceutical care.9 Phokeo et al.29 revealed that drug specialists feel awkward inquisitive about a patient.s utilization of mental prescription and examining side effects of psychological instability contrasted with the medicine and manifestations related with cardiovascular issues. Drug specialists likewise screen patients with mental disarranges for consistence and unfavorable impacts less every now and again than patients with cardiovascular issues. Dark red et al.12 found a relationship between an individual or family ancestry of dysfunctional behavior and perspectives of drug specialists toward psychological maladjustment. Age and years practically speaking are additionally associated with perspectives toward furnishing pharmaceutical consideration to patients with psychological maladjustment. The more est ablished and more experienced drug specialists have more reassuring reactions than their counterparts.9Pharmacists are of the assessment, in any case, that patients with psychological maladjustment don't get satisfactory data about their medicine from their doctors. These patients may likewise get less consideration from drug specialists contrasted with medicinally sick patients, which raises worries that their medication related necessities are not being met.29 3.1.2 Patient.s mentalities toward network drug specialists Customers of psychological well-being administrations by and large have a positive view of network drug specialists and their administrations, be that as it may, desires are constrained to standard drug store administrations, such as giving patients data about their medicine and settling solution issues while administering medications.29 most of patients feel calm while talking about their psychotropic prescription and related diseases with pharmacists.31 Clinically orientated administrations like working cooperatively with other human services suppliers, making dosing or treatment proposals, checking reaction to treatment, and tending to the people physical and emotional wellness needs have been seen as inaccessible to patients.32 Patients with emotional wellness issues, desires for network drug specialist

Medieval Ireland the Coming of the Normans, 1167â€1185 Free Essays

By the twelfth century, Ireland was separated politically into a moving pecking order of trivial realms and over-realms. Force was packed under the control of a couple of provincial traditions battling against one another for control of the entire island. The Northern Ui Neill administered a lot of what is presently Ulster. We will compose a custom exposition test on Medieval Ireland the Coming of the Normans, 1167â€1185 or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now Their family, the Southern Ui Neill, were Kings of Brega (Meath). The authority of Leinster was held by the dynamic Ui Cheinnselaigh administration. Another realm rose among Leinster and Munster, Osraige, controlled by the group of Mac Giolla Phadraig. Munster was ostensibly constrained by the Mac Cartaig, who were anyway in actuality frequently subject to the Ui Bhriain of Thomond. North of Thomond, Connacht’s incomparable rulers were the Ui Chonchubhair. In the wake of losing the insurance of Tyrone Chief, Muirchertach MacLochlainn, High King of Ireland, who kicked the bucket in 1166, Dermot MacMurrough (Irish Diarmait Mac Murchada) , was coercively ousted by a confederation of Irish powers under the new High King, Rory O’Connor. Diarmait fled first to Bristol and afterward to Normandy. He looked for and acquired authorization from Henry II of England to utilize the latter’s subjects to recover his realm. By 1167 MacMurrough had gotten the administrations of Maurice Fitz Gerald and later convinced Rhys ap Gruffydd Prince of Deheubarth to discharge Maurice’s stepbrother Robert Fitz-Stephen from bondage to partake in the campaign. In particular he acquired the help of the Earl of Pembroke Richard de Clare, known as Strongbow. The principal Norman knight to land in Ireland was Richard fitz Godbert de Roche in 1167, however it was not until 1169 that the primary powers of Normans, Welsh and Flemings arrived in Wexford. Inside a brief timeframe Leinster was recovered, Waterford and Dublin were under Diarmait’s control, and he had Strongbow as a child in-law, and named him as beneficiary to his realm. This last advancement made shock King Henry II of England, who dreaded the foundation of an adversary Norman state in Ireland. As needs be, he made plans to visit Leinster to set up his position. The Papal Bull and Henry’s intrusion: Pope Adrian IV (the principal English Pope, in perhaps the most punctual act) had just given a Papal Bull in 1155, giving Henry position to attack Ireland as a methods for controling clerical orruption and misuses. Minimal contemporary use, be that as it may, was made of the Bull Laudabiliter since its content authorized ecclesiastical suzerainty over the island of Ireland as well as of all islands off of the European coast, including England, in ethicalness of the Constantinian gift. The important content peruses: â€Å"There is for sure no uncertainty, as t hy Highness doth additionally recognize, that Ireland and every single other island which Christ the Sun of Righteousness has brightened, and which have gotten the conventions of the Christian confidence, have a place with the ward of St. Dwindle and of the heavenly Roman Church†. References to Laudabiliter become increasingly visit in the later Tudor time frame when the looks into of the renaissance humanist researchers give occasion to feel qualms about the trustworthiness of the Donation of Constantine. Henry arrived with a huge armada at Waterford in 1171, turning into the primary King of England to go to Irish soil. Both Waterford and Dublin were broadcasted Royal Cities. Adrian’s replacement, Pope Alexander III confirmed the award of Irish terrains to Henry in 1172. Henry granted his Irish regions to his more youthful child John with the title Dominus Hiberniae (â€Å"Lord of Ireland†). At the point when John out of the blue succeeded his sibling as King John, the â€Å"Kingdom of Ireland† fell legitimately under the English Crown. Henry was cheerfully recognized by the greater part of the Irish Kings, who found in him an opportunity to check the extension of both Leinster and the Hiberno-Normans. This prompted the confirmation of the Treaty of Windsor (1175) among Henry and Ruaidhri. Nonetheless, with both Diarmuid and Strongbow dead (in 1171 and 1176), Henry back in England and Ruaidhri incapable to check his ostensible vassals, inside two years it was not worth the vellum it was engraved upon. John de Courcy attacked and increased quite a bit of east Ulster in 1177, Raymond le Gros had just caught Limerick and a lot of north Munster, while the other Norman families, for example, Prendergast, fitz Stephen, fitz Gerald, fitz Henry and le Poer were effectively cutting out virtual realms for themselves. Step by step instructions to refer to Medieval Ireland the Coming of the Normans, 1167â€1185, Papers

The Power of the Syllabus

The Power of the Syllabus Professor: Remember to only email if it is really something important that your TA is not able to handle. Freshman me: *Obviously this professor doesnt want to hear from me* A lot of professors will let you know at the beginning of their course that you should email your TA about anything you may have questions about. Although the everyday freshman may not understand the reason that professors communicate this so bluntly, but its actually quite smart if you think about it. TAs are usually very knowledgable about the course in a way that can solve many of the problems that your professor can solve. Taking this a step further, I would recommend reading the syllabus thoroughly to avoid even emailing your TA. The syllabus is not only a guide to the course, but a treasure map to everything that you need to know to obtain an A+ grade in the course. College is unique in that you will find success (and possibly failure) based solely on the merit of your work. No level of politics or calculation will help your grades in college. Its always best to dig deeply into every resource available (including the syllabus) in each class you take. The brilliant thing about modern technology is that it allows us to reach this crucial information that we need to succeed. We dont even need a hard copy of the syllabus. All we have to do is open a new tab and log in. I cant even recall how many times this has come in handy. Whether its shopping for textbooks or frantically trying to remember how much the group project is worth in the class while out at dinner, my need for information is not limited. In this regard, technology has shown us that this is the best time to be a student. Regardless of how you reach collegiate success, remember that information is your best friend. This is exactly why the syllabus is so powerful; it can be the difference between an A and B grade. Professors understand this and have helped you more than you know by taking the time to write such a complex and knowledgable document about the class that they have constructed. Its best to honor this document and professor by reading the information they have given you and use it to become the best student you can. Jacob Class of 2019 I’m an Advertising student within the College of Media. My hometown is a place called Fairmount, Illinois, which is about 30 minutes from campus. I began my Illinois journey in the Division of General Studies.

Walls Placed on Relationships in Mending Wall by Robert Frost

Walls Placed on Relationships in Mending Wall by Robert Frost In the poem Mending Wall, Robert Frost utilizes the literary devices of imagery, meter, and symbolism to demonstrate the rational and irrational boundaries or metaphoric walls humans place on their relationships with others. The precise images, such as the depiction of the mending-time ritual and the dynamic description of his old-stone savage armed neighbor, serve to enhance our enjoyment as well as our understanding of the poem (40). The poem is written in blank verse (iambic pentameter); the form that most closely resembles everyday English. Frost deliberately employs this direct, conversational, and easy to understand style of meter which appears†¦show more content†¦It is a ritual which contains its own paradox; the two neighbors are cooperating together to sustain this barrier which divides them. As they mend, Frost begins to question the reasoning behind the walls existence. His neighbors only response is Good fences make good neighbors (27). The neighbors unintere sted attitude and indifferent response forces Frost to inquire further. He attempts to justify the wall by using a logical argument. There would be a need for walls if they had cows or similar pasture animals, but he and his neighbor have no such animals. Frost not only wants his neighbor to consider what he is walling in but also ponder what he is walling out and why. Deaf to any arguments, the farmer will not go behind his fathers saying and question his strong conviction of good fences making good neighbors (43). The stubborn neighbors blind acceptance and in the dark way of living is paralleled by the image Frost paints of him. In line 40, a simile is used describing him as like an old-stone savage armed as he works toward restoring the wall. This man who is so insistent on maintaining this wall is a product of a long-gone age of thinking. He is like a savage from the time when it was essential to wall yourself off from other savages for safety and protection. Lines 41 and 42 continue: He moves in the darkness as it seems to me, not of woods only and the shade of trees. He is not only in the dimness provided by theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Frosts Poem, Mending Wall Essay1003 Words   |  5 PagesPeople keep an emotional distance between one another to prevent others from getting too close to them. Robert Frost in the poem â€Å"Mending Wall† shows the reader an example of two different kinds of people. One kind of person is open to the idea of friendship and is willing to make an effort to try to dissolve any conflict, and try to get along with someone else anyway possible. Then there is the other side which is against the idea of change, someone who is closed to the idea of something new

The Financial Analysis of Target - 2246 Words

Financial Analysis and Valuation for Target Inc. [pic] CONTENTS: 1. Financial Highlights of Target Business†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2. Target Financial Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3. Valuation Models†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4. Corporate Finance Strategy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5. Investment Recommendations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6. The Impact and Implication of Financial Crisis on Target’s Financial Performance †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7. Conclusions †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1. Financial Highlights of Target Business Target Corporation was incorporated in Minnesota in 1902. Target operates large-format general merchandise discount stores in the United States, which include Target and SuperTarget stores.†¦show more content†¦However, as discussed before, According to the Key Industrial Financial Ratio U.S. Industrial Long-Term Debt table, a company whose ratio is ranked as A has the long-term debt/capital ratio and Total debt/Capitalization of 33.9% and 42.5% respectively. Thus, 40% of the debt ratio was used for valuation model for Target . |Debt Ratio |Firm Value(M) |Firm Value With Debt(M) | |25% |39962.87253 |43822.15 | |30% |40945.14664 |45576.28 | |35% |41979.30602 |47382.29 | |40% |43069.56832 |49244.41 | |45% |44220.62094 |51167.32 | |47% |44699.2138 |51954.65 | |48% |44942.58065 |52352.39 | |50% |45437.68841 |53156.24 | |60% |48093.94101 |57356.2 | 2. Corporate Finance Strategy Target Corporation is having a very stable financial policy and dividend policy. From the historical financial data, Target had debt $11,044M, $11,202M, $10,599M, $17,471M, and $19,882M in the year of 2005,2006,2007,2008, and 2009 respectively. The long-term debt/equity ratio rises from 69.34% to 108%. Target’s bond has been rated within A plus and A categories.Show MoreRelatedTarget Financial Analysis1273 Words   |  6 Pagescontents Introduction TARGET Corp ROIC vs. WACC Target Corp vs. Industry ROIC target Corp vs. Industry Revenue Trend Target Corp Operating Expense vs. Industry operating expense as a percent of revenue Target corp Operating Profit vs industry operating profit as a percent of revenue. target Corp Economic Moat Conclusion Works Cited Table of figures Figure 1 Target Corp ROIC vs WACC; Source: Mergent Online; Annual Studies. Figure 2 Target Corp vs. Industry ROIC; Source:Read MoreTarget Financial Analysis1288 Words   |  6 PagesD01596038 Mini Case Assignment Target Corp. started in 1902 as Dayton’s Dry Goods company. At 1911, Dayton’s Dry Goods is renames as Dayton Company, and commonly known as Dayton’s Department Store. In 1946 Dayton’s Department Stores started giving the community back 5% of their pretax profits, a practice that Target Corp still maintains. During the 1960’s Dayton’s create a new kind of store to appeal the masses called Target, opening the first Target store in the Twin Cities on May 1, 1962Read MoreTarget Financial Analysis Paper913 Words   |  4 Pagespercent of the total assets were these capital investments? A calculation is used to assess Target and Walmart efficiency that allocating the capital under its control to profitable investments. The return on invested capital gives a sense of how well a company is using their money to generate returns. However, Target sales increased to 4% in 2015 to 2016 but then declined significantly in 2016 to 2017. Target earnings from continuing operations before interest expense and income taxes increased byRead MoreTarget Corp: Financial Analysis2786 Words   |  12 PagesTarget Corporation: A Financial Competitive Analysis [pic] By: O.P. For Econ 2304 Prof. Alexander [pic] Overview Target has been a publicly traded company since 1963, but has been around since 1902. Target was originally part of the Dayton Hudson Corporation which was founded in Minneapolis, Minnesota. In 2000, because Target had become the largest division of the Dayton Hudson Corporation, it became known as the Target Corporation. Target is the secondRead MoreFinancial Analysis Paper for Target2219 Words   |  9 PagesFinancial Analysis Paper Zeyuan Liu Company Profile Target Corporation was founded in 1902 and is headquartered in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Target Corporation operates general merchandise and food discount stores in the United States. It operates as two reportable segments: Retail and Credit Card. The company offers household essentials, including electronics, music, and toys; apparel and accessories; home furnishings as well as seasonal merchandise. It also sells its merchandise under private-labelRead MoreWalmart vs Target Financial Analysis5129 Words   |  21 PagesFINANCIAL ACCOUNTING REPORT – TEAM 8 CASE ANALYSIS OF WAL-MART INC AND TARGET CORPORATION SUBMITTED BY: Amaresh Chandra Panda K H Gupta Mehul Shah SNDS Ramanish Sadhu Upasana Patra Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................... 2 RATIO ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................................ 2 PROFITABILITYRead MoreFinancial Analysis for J.C Penney and Target Essay1384 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: Financial Analysis 1 Financial Analysis for J.C. Penney and Target Sabrina Earnest Columbia College Author Note This paper was prepared for Business Finance 350, taught by Professor Campbell. Running head: Financial Analysis 2 Abstract Running head: Financial Analysis Read MorePEST Analysis for target canada Essay1442 Words   |  6 Pages Case 1 PEST analysis for Target Canada MGMT 6057 Contemporary Business Management Fanshawe College Submitted To: Albert Knab Submitted By: Deshana Shah Student Id: 0725963 Date: October 18, 2014 Target Canada gets to be favoured shopping goal from retail chain roots. First and foremost Target store was secured in 1962. Target Store is focused on its legacy of dependable corporate citizenship, moral business hones, natural stewardship and liberal group help.    PEST Analysis PEST is creationRead MoreWhy The Indian Market Environment Meet The Financial Viability And Criteria For Lincoln Electric s Strategy And Competence?1034 Words   |  5 Pagesto solve the main problem? ï‚ § 1. How does the Indian economic environment meet the financial viability and criteria for Lincoln Electric? ï‚ § 2. How does the Indian market environment correspond to Lincoln electric s strategy and competence? †¢ What case data / facts helped you resolve the Key Issues? o Sub-problem 1 ï‚ § Competitor ESAB (P.10 Par.1) margins and values, 18% operating margin, $50 mill in sales. Financials for valuations. Exhibits 12 ï‚ § ESAB little success through acquisitions. Started ownRead MoreAnalysis And Evaluation Of The Business And Financial Performance Of An Organization1365 Words   |  6 Pagesinformation pack from OBU and in that they offered wide variety of topics to choose from evaluation and analysis of organisation to critical review of key factors affecting organisation or brands. But topic no. 8 made most sense to me which is â€Å"Analysis and evaluation of the business and financial performance of an organisation over a three year period†. Reason is my incline towards handling financial data and number crunching. Personally I feel comfortable dealing with numbers, even during my studies

Gay and Lesbian Theater Free Essays

â€Å"Gay and Lesbian Theater† Gay and Lesbian themes were introduced into the theater before the 1960s. Long before homosexual characters were seen in American plays on a regular basis, there were isolated incidents when a gay or lesbian appeared in the plot; they were called freaks when doing so. Many people were often offended by homosexuality. We will write a custom essay sample on Gay and Lesbian Theater or any similar topic only for you Order Now Cross dressing was used in performances that raised concerns about sexual and gender roles: men dressed in drag and women wore men clothing. Festivals were used to educate and entertain audiences. The theater festival was introduced to spread awareness on issues, themes, and problems that deals with gay and lesbian lifestyles in the theater. Edward Albee, William Inge, and Tennessee Williams all introduced works in the mainstream. The mainstream theatre is embracing theatre with Gay and Lesbian themes. Sometimes the move forward is furiously examined by Gays and Lesbians, like for the various performances of straight Vivienne Laxdal ‘s Karla and Grif. Many gays and lesbians found it offensive for its stereotypical lesbian characters and others found it refreshing for its depiction of the fluidity of sexuality. Other works such as The Boys in the Band has been successful at bringing out this sexuality. In 1980 a play as such was proven to be enjoyable and considered a new kind of play. Dealing with issues of gays is being expressed more often. In certain dramas, lifestyles of gays and lesbians were forthrightly presented. A sense of urgency was engendered by the AIDS crisis and gay rights as another concerned issue. Viewing a play like this myself tells me that it’s very true. Many people came out to see La Cage Aux Folles when I believed it would not be interesting or crowded. Other people know if actors are gay, lesbian, or bisexual, but few people would disagree that the theater world is friendly toward a variety of nonconformist than most professional fields. Same-sex love has been associated with acting for over 2000 years in the west during Roman times. It has been said that these types of relationships are accepted in this type of profession because it’s considered the least respectful environment. Viewers are less likely to accept same-sex lovers than the company who hires them. The text stated that gay, lesbian, and bisexual actors support the Queer Theory considers the â€Å"performative† nature of gender: the idea that gender â€Å"identity† is actually nothing more than a â€Å"role† actor learns to do what’s necessary. Actors may be more skilled at their role with this type of experiment and not be judged by society, if that statement is true. Living double lives in the theater wasn’t very hard to do. Publicist often manipulated the media making easier for actors to do so. Actors such as Montgomery Clift, James Dean, Greta Garbo, Cary Grant, and Randolph Scott lived these constricted lives. The text stated that 29 percent of Americans would be â€Å"less interested† in seeing their favorite actor perform in a movie or TV show if they learned that he or she was â€Å"gay† in 1995. Many actors who were gay often didn’t want their named linked to anything they choose to provide to the media. Gay and lesbian actors are more seen in films and on stage a lot more today. Sexuality is still a question rather it should be should treated as heterosexuals would still remains. You can enjoy an ordinary film the same you would a film with homosexuals. As I stated early I’ve viewed a play with men dressed in drag as well as men dating women in a play. Their acting skills are just the same. Who or how they choose to live their personal lives doesn’t affect their acting skills. Some viewers still don’t agree with it along with critic but it’s amongst our society within all cultures. Bibliography Hischak, Gerald Bordman and Thomas S. â€Å"Gay and Lesbian Theatre in America. † 2004. The Oxford Companion to America Theater. 20 April 2010 ;http://www. encyclopedia. com;. ;. Hudson, Steve Hogan and Lee. Completely Queer: The Gay and Lesbian Encyclopedia. Markham: Henry Holt and Company Inc. , 1998. Wilson, Edwin. The Theatre Experience. 11th. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2009. How to cite Gay and Lesbian Theater, Essay examples

Terrorism The issue of terrorism is Essays - Terrorism,

Terrorism The issue of terrorism is one of the main concerns in the recent world. September 11/2001 attack in the twin tower of USA, bombing in Madrid and London bombing has raised a serious concern in this matter. Different government all over the world is trying to tackle this problem enacting different stringent laws and taking other steps. Indian society is attacked by this terrorism warm from the very beginning and immediate after independence, for example Kashmir, Mumbai bomb blasts, North East states, Punjab in 1980s and recently Mumbai attack. [1] There are different issues which come with the question of terrorism. The first question related to the definition of terrorism. In the international level there was a long effort to find a universally accepted definition of terrorism. The reason is that one person or states terrorist is freedom fighter to another state or individual. It has also faced opposition because most of this definition talks about th e action of the non-state actors and did not address the violence and torture done by the government agencies. International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism adopted in 1999 by the General Assembly has given a definition of terrorism which is the first in an international treaty. [2]This says: " Any other act intended to cause death and serious bodily injury to a civilian and any other person not taking an active part in the hostilities in a situation of armed conflict, when the purpose of such act, by its nature or context, is to intimidate a population, or to compel a Government and international organization to do and abstain from doing any act. " There is two fold meaning in the context of terrorism and human right. In the first meaning the state is obliged to make regulation to prevent and combat terrorism on the ground to protect the individual right to life, liberty and security. The second thing is in the process of combating and preventing terrorism state should take care of the human right. [3] For the infringement of the latter the sate will be responsible under the international human right law and treaties in which it is a party. The European Court of Human Right and other international Human Right instrument has recognized that state has not only negative obligation to refrain from interfering into the rights of the people within its jurisdiction but also positive obligation to protect the people from the infringement of their human right by non state actors. [4] In this paper varies international instrument which talks about the protection of human right while combating terrorism will be discussed. Then subsequently some Indian anti -terrorism laws will be reviewed from the prospective of human right protection and the role of judiciary in the protection of human right while battling against terrorism. Chapter 1: International Institutions in the matter of Terrorism and Human Right Issu e : There are 13 international convention related to terrorism has been adopted under the supervision of United Nation. [5] After the attack of 11 September 2001 the international instruments, international political picture have changed a lot with relation to terrorism. United States of America declared " War on Terror " .[6] United Nations General Assembly Resolutions: The General Assembly resolutions related to terrorism are mainly G.A. Res.56/160, G.A. Res. 58/187, G.A. Res. 59/191, G.A. Res. 59/195, and G.A. Res. 57/219. All these resolution mainly focused on both non derogability of human rights and states responsibility to comply with it. The G.A. Res.56/160 says that the state should take all necessary and effective measures, in accordance with relevant provisions of international law, including international human rights standards, to prevent, combat and eliminate terrorism. . . and. . . strengthen, where appropriate, their legislation to combat terrorism. [7] G.A. Res. 57/219 says that States must ensure that any measure taken to combat terrorism complies with their obligations under international law, in particular international human rights.[8] G.A. Res. 58/187 argues that some human rights are non-derogable and emphasized that States must ensure that any measure taken to fight against terrorism take care of their obligations under international law, in particular international human rights, refugee and humanitarian law.[9] The remaining two resolutions also

Ponitillism from Birth to Adul essays

Ponitillism from Birth to Adul essays Pointillism has truly been the beginning of a new error within time itself. Its creation came from an offshoot of Impressionism, and is usually classified as a form of Post-Impressionism. It is very similar to Divisionism, but where Divisionism is concerned with the color theory, Pointillism is focused more so on the specific style of the brushwork in which was used to apply the paint. While being A style of painting in which non-primary colors are generated, not by mixing of pigments in the palette nor by using pigments directly, but by the visual mixing of points from primary colors placed in close proximity to each other. (Wikipedia.org) While George Seurat was credited for the birth of Pointillism, he used a normal scientific approach to his paintings abstruse color theories recedes somewhat. Seurat seemed to accept being known as a technician of art, and in doing so he borrowed from science the signs of its authority, including regularity and clarity of pattern. In doing so Seurat began to paint with a technique in which dots of unmixed color are juxtaposed onto the canvas. In doing this the dots blended together and created tones from when you would look at it from a distance. This means that with the same set of primaries, pointillist generated a different range of colors... (Wikipedia.org) Seurat also found that certain color combinations produced certain feelings, bright, warm colors made the viewers happy. While dark, cool colors can cause feelings of depression. In The Slid Show, Seurat used colors to create a melancholy, detached mood. The painting is brownish monochrome made up of green, yellow, orange, a nd blue dots and simplified, stylized shapes. Those shapes that can be read as figures are flat, vertical, two dimensional silhouettes. Seurats simplified, minimal forms can be seen as setting the stage for much of the twentieth centurys abstract art. Because of this the individual o...

Thylakoid Definition and Function

Thylakoid Definition and Function A thylakoid is a sheet-like membrane-bound structure that is the site of the light-dependent photosynthesis reactions in chloroplasts and cyanobacteria. It is the site that contains the chlorophyll used to absorb light and use it for biochemical reactions. The word thylakoid is from the Green word thylakos, which means pouch or sac. With the -oid ending, thylakoid means pouch-like. Thylakoids may also be called lamellae, although this term may be used to refer to the portion of a thylakoid that connects  grana. Thylakoid Structure In chloroplasts, thylakoids are embedded in the stroma (interior portion of a chloroplast). The stroma contains ribosomes, enzymes, and chloroplast DNA. The thylakoid consists of the thylakoid membrane and the enclosed region called the thylakoid lumen. A stack of thylakoids forms a group of coin-like structures called a granum. A chloroplast contains several of these structures, collectively known as grana. Higher plants have specially organized thylakoids in which each chloroplast has 10–100 grana that are connected to each other by stroma thylakoids. The stroma thylakoids may be thought of as tunnels that connect the grana. The grana thylakoids and stroma thylakoids contain different proteins. Role of the Thylakoid in Photosynthesis Reactions performed in the thylakoid include water photolysis, the electron transport chain, and ATP synthesis. Photosynthetic pigments (e.g., chlorophyll) are embedded into the thylakoid membrane, making it the site of the light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis. The stacked coil shape of the grana gives the chloroplast a high surface area to volume ratio, aiding the efficiency of photosynthesis. The thylakoid lumen is used for photophosphorylation during photosynthesis. The light-dependent reactions in the membrane pump protons into the lumen, lowering its pH to 4. In contrast, the pH of the stroma is 8.   Water Photolysis The first step is water photolysis, which occurs on the lumen site of the thylakoid membrane. Energy from light is used to reduce or split water. This reaction produces electrons that are needed for the electron transport chains, protons that are pumped into the lumen to produce a proton gradient, and oxygen. Although oxygen is needed for cellular respiration, the gas produced by this reaction is returned to the atmosphere. Electron Transport Chain The electrons from photolysis go to the photosystems of the electron transport chains. The photosystems contain an antenna complex that uses chlorophyll and related pigments to collect light at various wavelengths. Photosystem I uses light to reduce NADP to produce NADPH and H. Photosystem II uses light to oxidize water to produce molecular oxygen (O2), electrons (e-), and protons (H). The electrons reduce NADP to NADPH in both systems. ATP Synthesis ATP is produced from both Photosystem I and Photosystem II. Thylakoids synthesize ATP using an  ATP synthase enzyme that is similar to mitochondrial ATPase. The enzyme is integrated into the thylakoid membrane. The CF1-portion of the synthase molecule extended into the stroma, where ATP supports the light-independent photosynthesis reactions. The lumen of the thylakoid contains proteins used for protein processing, photosynthesis, metabolism, redox reactions, and defense. The protein plastocyanin is an electron transport protein that transports electrons from the cytochrome proteins to Photosystem I. Cytochrome b6f complex is a portion of the electron transport chain that couples proton pumping into the thylakoid lumen with electron transfer. The cytochrome complex is located between Photosystem I and Photosystem II. Thylakoids in Algae and Cyanobacteria While thylakoids in plant cells form stacks of grana in plants, they may be unstacked in some types of algae. While algae and plants are eukaryotes, cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes. They do not contain chloroplasts. Instead, the entire cell acts as a sort of thylakoid. The cyanobacterium has an outer cell wall, cell membrane, and thylakoid membrane. Inside this membrane is the bacterial DNA, cytoplasm, and carboxysomes. The thylakoid membrane has functional electron transfer chains that support photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Cyanobacteria thylakoid membranes dont form grana and stroma. Instead, the membrane forms parallel sheets near the cytoplasmic membrane, with enough space between each sheet for phycobilisomes, the light harvesting structures.

Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 7

Politics - Essay Example As a result, children acquire understanding for which they readily pay a universal submission. Men pay such ready universal submissions on either both well or ill informed ideas. Locke, therefore, suggests and emphasizes the importance of early childhood education towards greatly shaping up their progress and development. Locke is categorical that teaching is an initial responsibility of the child’s parents from cradle long before bookwork begins. The reason for this is because such little or seemingly insensible impressions have lots of significance and lasting consequences on child behavior (Locke 133). He adds that the tempers, particular defaults, and different inclinations found in children are so diverse that they may require various remedies and combined efforts of various people to provide a remedy. Locke does not stop at collective responsibility in educating and caring for children, he gives an encouragement to parents to ensure that they watch their children closely. Consequently, through observation, parents get an opportunity to understand their children in distinctive inclinations. In another instant, John Locke advices parents to device their education methods paying particular attention to their children during perfect freedom and master the manner in which children spend the time available to them. As a result, such information would enable a parent to understand the best ways of motivating their children to conduct themselves in the right manner. However, John Lock is keen to warn parents that due to varied tempers, some children are likely to fall off the right path of reason compared to other children. He, therefore, questions against failure to guide their children properly. Children not properly guided become cruel or irrational, a situation he compares to water turning this way and that way. He argues that the mind of a child is like water that can easily move from one directions to another and change from one shape to

Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Annotated Bibliography Example To this end, the author contends that legal sanctions that have been described have not been deterent enough to wage offenders from it. Unlike Rooy (2004) who sees civil liability as the best offence to dishonor of checks, Muntingh prefers a criminal liability. Rooy (2004) has been a practicing international banker for several years. He also doubles as a criminologist. In writing this article therefore, he reviewed some of the international approaches that have been put in place to reduce various crimes associated with financial fraud. In the opinion of the author, a major breakthrough came for international trade when documentary credits were introduced. Unlike Muntingh (2007), Rooy sees the civil liability that has been associated with various forms of trade frauds including the dishonor of checks as highly suitable for the prescribed offences. The author has been a practicing security expert for several years and have had several approved articles published in international journals including the present one. In the current article, the author embraces the documentary credit as a breakthrough for ensuring security with international payment. The reason is that it limits the rate at which traders would have to carry physical cash in the transaction of trade. But in order that the advantages of documentary credit be enjoyed to the maximum, the author, unlike Rooy (2004) assets that there should be the introduction of criminal liabilities all across regions that see checks as Bills of Exchange. Muntingh, J. A. (2007). The Fraud Exception in the Context of Documentary Credits: A Comparative Study of the Remedies in Various Jurisdictions. LL.M dissertation, Journal de Stellenbosch University, ProQuest, 4 (3), 43 -

Cost Planning and Control in Construction

Cost Planning and Control in Construction The Cost Planning is a method of cost controlling the cost of a project within a pre-determined sum up to the tender stage. Cost Planning give advice to client how much will be project cost. As well, cost planning will advise when the expected expenses will most possible occur. Hence its important for get required project finance and for determining possible project profit. Therefore cost planning process essential to success of project. Methods of Estimating for Cost Planning There are some significant estimating methods uses in construction industry for Cost planning process. Those methods give preliminary estimate, hence Quantity Surveyor has to modify predetermine data considering the followings, such as , market conditions, Size, number of storeys, specification level, inclusions exclusions, service, site foundation conditions and other factors. Conference Estimating Method RIBA Stage A of Options Appraisal and stage B Design Brief, These method uses for preparation of the initial price estimate give to the client. It is based on a cooperative view of a group of persons, and not quantify in any particular way. Financial methods RIBA Stage A of Options Appraisal and stage B Design Brief, This method fixes a cost limit on the building design, according to the unit of accommodation or rental values. For example, Unit method   RIBA Stage A of Options Appraisal and stage B Design Brief, The unit method is multiplies desire standard unit of accommodation by an approximate cost per unit. Not required specific drawings, specifications, only the concept of the project relevant to the required function. For example: Schools costs per pupil enplace Hospitals costs per bed enplace Car parks cost per car space Estimate = Standard units  of accommodation x Cost per unit Cube method   Design Stage This is the superseded method because of inherent disadvantages; this method needs some sketch drawings, historical cost data, and also  important estimator experience. It is based on association between building volume and unit cost. For example: Superficial area method RIBA Stage B Strategic Briefing and also can be used for Stage C This is presently most common use method, its use for early price estimating purposes. The area of each of the floors multiplied by the cost per square meter. Mostly important Storey heights, plan shape and methods for when choose on the rate need be used. For example: Story enclosure unit method This technique use weightings for the estimating the building elements Elemental Cost estimating Detail Design Stage (Production information Stage F) This can use to establish the approximate cost of a construction project. It analyzes, the cost of the project on an elemental basis using from other similar projects. Also provides cost advice during the design process. Detail drawings are required. For example: Approximate Cost estimating Approximate quantities present additional detailed approximate estimate. No particular rules of  measurement exist, Also significantly more information is required from the designer.. For example: Resource analysis (Pre Construction Stage Tender Documentation -G) This method is traditionally adopted by contractors estimators to determine their individual rates for measured items in bills of quantities. All individual measured items are analyzed into its element parts such as labour, materials and plant. This method is not a pre-tender method of price prediction strictly. For example: Explain the pre-contract cost planning and cost controlling process with respect to the RIBA plan of work a client/ consultant may adopt during each stage What Is Pre-contract Cost Planning? Pre Cost planning is very important to successful planning, design and construction of projects and is aimed at providing best value solutions. Essentially it is a pre-costing method of a project. As well as Pre-estimation of a design proposal will give clear picture about the cost to the employer and design team to make decisions regarding the project to make sure value for money. Pre-Contract Cost Planning Process The pre-contract cost planning process according to the RIBA plan of work 1998; it can be described as follows. Graph 2.1 Pre-stage A (Establish the budget) Client is the appointing client management team (Consultants) such as, client representative, cost consultant, according to his requirements. Identify objectives, physical scope of project, standard of quality of building and services, timeframe and establishing the budget. Emphasis nature of clients problems and functional requirements on proposed project. Work Stage A (Options Appraisal) Consultant has to identify of client prerequisite and possible limitation on development and cost of the ideal solution. Prepare technical, functional and cost studies by consultant and then it should enable to the client to take decision on his project weather he can continue the first proposal or could do some changes to the first proposal etc. also select the possible procurement method. Work Stage B (Strategic Brief) Consultant has to prepare initial cost suggestion to the client based on an outline statement of clients needs, also to determine target cost. This establish an initial budget for client Client has to investigate availability of finance for the project and value of money framework. Pre Contract Cost Control Generally Pre contract cost controlling process is implement from this stage according to the RIBA work plan mentioned chart 1.2, Pre Contract Cost Control process give to ensure the cost of the project is within the clients budget or not. Hence pre contract cost control is very essential in a project since it is planning, design finalizing and tendering and selecting a suitable contractor too. Outline Proposals- Stage C Consultant involves preparing outline proposal and estimate of cost as initial cost plan. Investigate the site conditions and preliminary sketches for requirement of cost plan by consultant. Evaluate strategic brief through consideration of time, cost, risk and environmental issues. Establish design management procedures and prepare initial cost plan, project program, and cash flow. Detailed Proposals Stage D At this stage, consultant prepares full detailed proposals for the client, and also prepares firm cost plan detailed elemental cost plan etc. Clint tem evaluate outline proposals for make final decision, Receive design and cost input from client appointed team and extend detailed design solution. Development control submission. Review procurement advice. Final Proposals Stage E Consultant has to prepared final proposal for the project at this stage. Carry out cost check of the design as it develop against the cost plan, hence it Confirmation of the cost limits for the project. Most cost effective in satisfying level of project brief to confirm or put final budget and to check the elemental cost targets. Cost checks design against cost plan. Decide on procurement methods. Consultant, they attending to review design and cost plan. Consultant has to prepare all required submission for legal approvals. Production Information Stage F All legal approvals should have completed when at this stage. This is the assessment of lowest acceptable tender price based on completed contract documents. Ensure that the completed designs are controlled within the cost limits. Prepare all co-ordinate production information including location. Arrange bring together all component drawings, schedules and specifications. Supply all required information for final cost checks of design against cost plan. Explain the term life cycle costing and related terminology. Definition of the life cycle costing According to definition of Hoar and Norman (1990) appropriately defined the life cycle cost of an advantage as the present value of total cost of the asset over its operating life including initial capital costs, occupational costs, operating costs and the cost or benefit of the eventual disposal of the asset at the end of its life. Hence life cycle costing related with the time stream of costs and benefits that flow throughout the life of the project. There are number of term use in industry to identify different stages in the life cycle costing techniques, hence flowing are the specially use in construction industry. Life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) Quantity surveyor assist to prepare this, based on collection and analysis of historic data on actual costs of occupying building (running cost and performance). Life cycle cost management (LCCM) Actually it is derived from life cycle cost analysis and identities, by this way client can be compare building cost and controlling occupancy cost throughout the life of building to get maximum value. Life cycle planning (LCCP) This is as part of life cycle cost management; it is constitute the prediction of total costs of a building, part or individual element taking account of initial capital costs, subsequent running cost and residual values. Life cycle costing Terminology Explain the Quantity Surveyors role as a cost manager, in the life cycle of the project. Role of the Quantity Surveyor as a Cost Manager Quantity surveyor is the person/ firm who manage the cost relating to the construction projects, such as new constructions, maintenance work and renovations. Quantity surveyor monitors the cost of every aspects of a construction project as a cost manager, as well as seeks to minimize the costs of the project and to make more cost savings while ensuring the total cost of project does not exceed the estimated cost. Furthermore when study about Quantity Surveyors in Cost manger position also have to be identified their duties and Responsibilities properly. He should conducting feasibility studies and writing procurement reports at project inception stage. He should manage estimating and cost planning process and presenting the final cost plan. He should manage the procurement process, and make certain that all phases with pre-qualification, enquiry, analysis, selection and contract preparation are carried out effectively. Ensuring that post-contract cost variances and change control tasks are directed effectively. Involving with cost checking and valuation works to manage them effectively. Preparation of monthly post-contract cost reports and presenting them to the client. Preparation of value engineering and life cycle costing, and also final accounts negotiated and agreed process. Give leadership role mange the client and other consultants, at all project phases. Working with top managers and directors, and identify and performing new opportunities to improve the cost management procedures.

Critical Incident – Preconceived Ideas

No names are used in this writing to maintain patient confidentiality and conform to the data protection act 1998Critical incidents originated in the United States, Colonel John C Flannagan was a psychologist who worked closely with the Air Force and their procedures for reporting evidence concerning effective or ineffective behaviour within different situations (Ghaye 2006:64-65). Tripp (1993: 24-25) claims that â€Å"critical incidents appear to be ‘typical’ rather than critical at first sight, but are rendered critical through analysis†.Critical incidents can be either positive or negative; They â€Å"are usually experiences that make you consider the events that have happened to try to give them some sort of meaning† (Hannigan, 2001). Using a critical incident as a way of reflecting helps individuals identify practice that has been helpful or unhelpful in a situation. The value of a critical incident can differ from person to person; it is usually a per sonal experience with meaning to an individual, however critical incidents can be useful for a range of people for example, students, lecturers, service users and the general public.They give an insight into the feelings of the person writing and are often relatable to others. In appendix 1 I have described my critical incident. Following this I will explain the importance of a critical incident and the effect on practice, in particular how it has influenced my practice as a student nurse. This experience has greatly influenced my training in a number of ways. As a student nurse I believe it is hard to avoid having a preconceived judgement of a patient.After receiving a brief description of the patient’s diagnosis from my mentor, I believed this patient would possibly be frail and sedentary, laid in bed with a poor quality of life. However what I was greeted with was the total opposite. This is affected by the patient’s own judgement of her illness, often receiving a p rognosis such as this prompts a dramatic change in the patient’s lifestyle. It can be argued that this is the hardest part in ‘accepting’ a diagnosis is the need to change. ‘In accessing readiness to change, we need to look at the individual’s state’ (Broome 1998:31).If a particular patient is not ready to adapt their lifestyle it can become difficult for them to come to terms with their diagnosis. Patients unable to come to terms with their diagnosis or patients finding their illness difficult after a period of time are likely to suffer from depression or anxiety (Reid, et al 2011). However upon visiting this patient it was clear to me that this patient was able to accept her diagnosis and had readily accepted the challenge to adapt her lifestyle. To me this seemed like a phenomenal act for her to achieve in such a short space of time following the diagnosis.Communication is a key aspect of any type of care, in particular terminal care as the patient in question is likely to feel scared and anxious about their prognosis. There are a number of different reasons for this;â€Å"Including diagnosis and treatment of their disease, long-term physiological alterations, fears of relapse and death, dependence on caregivers, survivor guilt and negative effects on families†. (Groenwald et al 1992: 580)Communication should be an equal conversation that allows both the nurse and patient to include what they need to say.For a nurse it is important to listen to a patient as developing a therapeutic relationship will often make the patient feel more open to discussion about their feelings and concerns. The therapeutic relationship facilitates the ability for a patient to achieve their desired state of maximum health (Brooker, and Waugh, 2007:236; Kozier, et al 2012:95-97) Patients should be able to â€Å"freely express their beliefs, values and concerns in a non-judgemental and supportive way† (Barker 2010:31).A therapeut ic relationship is essential in developing trust between a patient and nurse and is fundamental for care with service users such as my patient. A therapeutic relationship can be described as â€Å"one that allows for the meeting of nursing needs to the mutual satisfaction of a nurse and patient† (McQueen 2000:9). This should reduce anxiety and may allow the patient to feel more comfortable in addressing any concerns surrounding the prognosis. This incident has made me think about the barriers to communication and the effects they can have on other staff members, patients and their families. Understanding the potential problems allows us to better understand how something might be able to work more efficiently† (Ellis 2011:88). There are a number of barriers to communication for example; physical barriers such as a door being closed, perceptual barriers for example going into a conversation thinking that the person isn’t going to understand or be interested in wha t you are going to say. Emotions can also be barriers to communication as well as cultural, gender, interpersonal and intellectual (Kozier et al 2012:46).I believe my patient may have had emotional barriers to communication with the nurse and myself. She had already accepted her diagnosis and her decision not to converse with us about her condition may indicate that it was difficult for her to discuss it with others, despite being comfortable with it herself. The fact that the patient was comfortable with her illness made me think about the definition of health. My patient had said she felt healthy and therefore to her, despite having an illness, she didn’t consider herself as ‘unhealthy’.The World Health Organisation (WHO) describes the definition of health as â€Å"a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity† (WHO 1948; Kozier et al 2012:6) although this is the most commonly used definitio n for health, seeing this patient led me to review its significance. The patient I saw clearly didn’t view this definition to be the same as her meaning of health. Health differs for every individual, my patient felt well and therefore in her opinion she was healthy.It is understandable that she didn’t want to be continually reminded of her cancer, it was enough that her independence had been reduced due to the fact the nurses were coming into her home in the first place. My mentor and I decided to respect the patients wishes and allow her to come to us when she felt she would like to talk rather than forcing her to speak to us, we arranged to keep nurse interaction with this patient to a minimum so she could retain some ‘normality’ in her life. â€Å"Patients are made aware that they have the right to choose, accept or decline treatment and these decisions are respected and supported. (NICE Guidelines 2012) It was at this point I began to understand the value of concordance. McKinnon (2011:69) states â€Å"a partnership of equals on which care plan is negotiated†, concordance enables patients to not only make decisions about their care, but to work in parallel with the health care professionals towards a mutually agreed outcome. It could have been easy for my mentor to disregard the patient’s wishes and focus solely on her wound care and expect her to simply comply as the nurses are considered to be the experts, however her feelings were recognised and her autonomy wishes were responded to.My mentor displayed an excellent example of holistic care according to Linsley (2011:273), who states that nurses have to be aware of the social, environmental and psychological aspects of health and not just physical signs and symptoms of an illness. Before meeting this patient, I didn’t realise how daunting the experience of health care professionals can be, I had always wrongly presumed people would be happy to receive car e to make them feel better, however in this instance it has proved to me that not everyone has this view.It has enabled me to think about my role as a student nurse and it has made me reflect on so many different aspects of good nursing care, from communication and concordance to holistic care. Before my interaction with this patient, I didn’t understand just how important it was for patients to have their say. I couldn’t help but wonder if I had been the registered nurse in that situation, would I have been task orientated and wanted to get the job done rather than taking into consideration the patients wishes? As a first year student I am aware of my limitations and understand that I have a lot to learn.I thought about how I would feel if I was in the patient’s situation and of course I’d want to be involved in the decisions made concerning my care. The experience with this patient has enabled me to develop as a student nurse, and will inform my practic e throughout the whole of my career. Seeing first hand such a good example of concordance and holistic care from my mentor has given me a great platform to base my learning experiences on. References Barker, J (2010) Evidence-Based Practice for Nurses. London: Sage Publications Ltd. Berman, A. Erb, G. Harvey, S. Kozier, B.Morgan-Samuel, H. and Snyder, S (2012) Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts, process and practice. Harlow: Pearson. Broome, A. (1998) Managing Change. Hampshire: Macmillan Press Ltd. Ellis, P. (2010) Evidence-based practice In Nursing. Exeter: Learning Matters Ltd. Ghaye, T. and Lillyman, S. (2006). Learning journals and Critical Incidents. 2nd ed. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Groenwald, S. Goodman, M. Hansen Frogge, M. and Henke Yarbro, C (eds. ) (1992) Comprehensive Cancer Nursing Review. Sudbury: Jones and Bartlet publishers Inc. Linsley, P. Kane, R. and Owen, S. eds) Nursing for Public Health: Promotion, Principles, and Practice, Oxford: University Press. McKinn on, J. (2011) ‘The nurse-patient relationship' in Linsley, P. Kane, R. and Owen, S. (eds) Nursing for Public Health: Promotion, Principles, and Practice, Oxford: University Press, pp. 64-74. McQueen A. (2000). Nurse-patient relationship and partnership in hospital care. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 9 (5): 723-731. Reid, A. Ercolano, E. Schwartz, P. and McCorkle, R (2011) ‘The Management of Anxiety and Knowledge of Serum CA-125 After an Ovarian Cancer Diagnosis. ‘Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing’ 15 (6), [online], Available from: http://web. ebscohost. com. proxy. library. lincoln. ac. uk/ehost/detail? sid=7e50352a-778c-4db4-be37-388bb618120d%40sessionmgr114&vid=1&hid=103&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=c8h&AN=2011371794 [Accessed: 26th February 2013]. Tripp, D. (1993) Critical Incidents in Teaching, Developing Professional Judgement. Routledge: London. NICE Guidelines (2012) Supporting patient choice [online] National Health Service online. Availab le from http://www. nice. org. k/guidance/qualitystandards/patientexperience/SupportingPatientChoice. jsp [accessed 3rd February 2013]. Nursing Times (2004) Reflective thinking: turning a critical incident into a topic for research [online] London, Nursing Times online. Available from: http://www. nursingtimes. net/reflective-thinking-turning-a-critical-incident-into-a-topic-for-research/200145. article [Accessed 3rd february 2013]. World Health Organisation (1948) World Health Organisation Definition of Health [online] New York, World Health Organisation Online. Available from: http://www. ho. int/about/definition/en/print. html [Accessed 1st March 2013]. Bibliography Barker, J (2010) Evidence-Based Practice for Nurses. London. Sage Publications Ltd. Barrat, D, Wilson B, and Woollands, A (2012) Care planning A guide for nurses. Second edition. Harlow. Pearson Education Ltd. Benner, P. (1984) From Novice to Expert, Excellence and Power in Clinical Nursing Practice. Menlo Park Addiso n Wesley. Berman, A. Erb, G. Harvey, S. Kozier, B. Morgan-Samuel, H. and Snyder, S (2012) Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts, process and practice. Harlow: Pearson.Brooker, C. and Waugh, A. (eds. ) (2007) Nursing Practice: Fundamentals of Holistic Care. Philadelphia: Elsevier. Broome, A. (1998) Managing Change. Hampshire: Macmillan Press Ltd. Ellis, P. (2010) Evidence-based practice In Nursing. Exeter: Learning Matters Ltd. Ghaye, T and Lillyman, S. (2006). Learning journals and Critical Incidents. 2nd ed. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Groenwald, S. Goodman, M. Hansen Frogge, M. and Henke Yarbro, C (eds. ) (1992) Comprehensive Cancer Nursing Review. Sudbury: Jones and Bartlet publishers Inc. McQueen A. (2000).Nurse-patient relationship and partnership in hospital care. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 9 (5): 723-731. Tripp, D. (1993) Critical Incidents in Teaching, Developing Professional Judgement. Routledge London. (Appendix 1) During placement I have managed to gain experience with t erminal cancer patients. When you go into a patient’s house, I feel you can’t help but have a preconceived idea of the type of patient you are about to meet. I was surprised when visiting one patient, as I was told before I entered the home that the patient had terminal epithelial ovarian cancer. This type of ovarian cancer arises from a malignant transformation of the ovarian surface epithelium, how this transformation occurs is unknown. † (Groenwald et al, 1992: 466-467) When I met this patient I was unsure of what I would discover. I expected a woman that was going to appear physically ‘ill’ and I imagined her to be like all the other patients I had seen with terminal cancer. To my surprise we found her sitting in her conservatory reading the newspaper looking well, she was dressed appropriately and had her hair and makeup done.The patient seemed genuinely happy and didn’t meet any of the previous preconceptions I had when I was originally told about her. We were there to change a fluid bag from the patient’s abdomen and support the patient if she had any concerns about her illness. This is the only thing the nurses do for this patient, her partner, with some help from the Macmillan emergency care team complete the rest of her care. This patient had a persistent disease that couldn’t be controlled. She had previously been treated with chemotherapy to try and eliminate the cancer however this had been unsuccessful.The patient had then decided along with the healthcare professionals, to withdraw treatment and only accept pain relief and support. â€Å"The staging of ovarian cancer is based on surgical evaluation and forms the basis of subsequent therapy†. (Groenwald et al, 1992: 466-467) The district nurse has only just become involved in her care, currently she is 5 months into her diagnosis. When the nurse and I tried to speak to the patient about her illness and how she was feeling, she seemed re luctant to talk about it. The patient decided she felt well in herself and didn’t want to be reminded of her illness, she went on to explain that she had already

Personal Narrative My Personal Experience - 1121 Words

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Put the gun down! Two people came out the front door of the bank. I couldn’t believe what I was seeing it was our friend Devon I recognized his red â€Å"NC STATE† sweatshirt he wore it all the time. He had a woman in front of him kind of like a shield and was holding a gun to her head. The police kept yelling to put the gun down and he didn’t he kept walking down the side walk in front of the bank it felt like hours passed but it was only about a minute that passed when the gun shots started. They hit him one after another watching my friend who I knew for over 4 years who was kind, gentle and so full of life become so lifeless in a matter of seconds was an image that will forever be burned in my mind. Everyone around me was relieved it was over to them he committed a crime he was the bad guy but to me this was nothing but tragedy I didn’t understa nd not at all. What happened? Why did this happen? Why did he do this? 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Ideologies And Developments Of World Wars - 1694 Words

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