Analysis Of Jonathan Edwards s The Great Awakening

Jonathan Edwards was a major figure during the Great Awakening, he believed nature captured the glory and beauty of God, and thus was parallel to the spiritual world. Edward’s opposed the separation of the presence of God in nature that was being caused by the Enlightenment. Edwards view can be described as Calvinistic as he states â€Å"The book of Scripture is the interpreter of the book of nature†¦..making applications of the signs and types in the book of nature as representations of those spiritual mysteries† (B.R, 53). Edwards is trying to prove that the book of nature can be compatible with the book of scripture. A reasonable thing ordained by God under the Old Testament, to symbolize and push forward an idea in the New Testament, this is what Edwards would call a type. Edwards believed that with nature it can provide information on the mysteries of faith, and by interpreting the types in the book of nature and applying them we can picture those spiritual m ysteries, and in doing so we can know God through the created order. In contrast with the Enlightenment Edwards tried to identify nature as having transcendental aspects, which could only be achieved through Christian religion. Edwards sees nature as echoing scripture, nature will not undermine scripture. In our experience with God he would agree that we are finitely wise, while God is infinitely wise. Edwards pertains that â€Å"there should be a voice of his, or her works instructing those that behold him and paintingShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of the Great Awakening and Revolutionary Thought1655 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis of the Great Awakening and Revolutionary Thought In the 1730s and the 1740s, religious revival swept through the New England and Middle Colonies. 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ByRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Sinners In The Hands Of An Angry God1219 Words   |  5 PagesGarrett Walshe Professor Joycelyn Bell RHET 1302.008 2 October 2017 Edwards â€Å"Sinners† Rhetorical Analysis Imagine you are a Puritan, it is the Great Awakening, and one of the most well-known preachers of the time is telling you that there is a good chance you are going to hell. Without some serious skills in persuasion, this statement wouldn’t mean anything. Jonathan Edwards Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God speech was extremely effective in persuading the Puritans to take their religiousRead MoreInterpretation and Analysis: â€Å"Mr. Edwards and the Spider†1658 Words   |  7 Pagesthe age of 60 in 1977, he was active in the antiwar movement against the Vietnam War (â€Å"Poets†). The poem â€Å"Mr. Edwards and the Spider,† a found poem, was first published in the Lowell’s Pulitzer Prize winning Lord Wearys Castle (1946). Although a footnote in the fifth edition of the Norton Anthology of Poetry explains that Lowell used text from famous 18th century preacher Jonathan Edward’s famous sermon â€Å"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God† (1001), further scrutiny and comparison will show thatRead MoreAmerican Revolution and Study Guide Essay example5377 Words   |  22 PagesGuide â€Å"The Eve of Revolution† 1. Many immigrants poured into colonial America, yet â€Å"the land of opportunity† was not a world of equality and consensus. Explain why they continued to arrive to America. (10pts) 2. Assess the extent to which the Great Awakening, an intensely religious movement, contributed to the development of separation between church and state in America. (10pts) 3. 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Internet as a Insurance Distribution Channel Free Essays

After the liberalization of Indian economy various reforms has been made in the insurance sector which has finally opened the gate of this industry for private sector companies. This has brought changes not only in the design of the products available in the market but also the manner in which they are marketed.There is a pragmatic change in the customization of latest products and services, regulatory norms, customer demographics, channels of distribution, greater use of information technology especially as a service facilitator. We will write a custom essay sample on Internet as a Insurance Distribution Channel or any similar topic only for you Order Now Even consumer preferences have been changing noticeably influencing the product mix offered by various public and private insurers. A vast potential exists in the Indian market as the demographic factors like average life span and standard of living are improving creating a demand for products that can offer protections and also double up investments of the customers.Also because of liberal government norms and India’s large population which now possess greater risk awareness, Indian insurance market has a global framework attracting major international insurance companies. All these above mentioned factors are directly responsible for increased competition and shaping the overall insurance industry with new parameters. To harness the opportunities insurance companies must go close to the customers by expanding their distribution network. Insurance Distribution – A Micro ViewThe liberalization of the Indian insurance industry in the year 2000 led to the entry of private insurance companies with Multinational companies as their partners For them ,breaking the large agent led network of LIC which was enjoying the monopoly for decades was extremely tough. They decided to use aggressive advertising and promotional measures and also other untried distribution channels like having a tie-up with other financial service providers companies and use their distribution network instead of setting their own.According to the industry observers marketing, distribution and technical superiority were expected to be the decisive factors for success in the Indian insurance sector in future. Private insurers hoped to effectively leverage the strengths of these innovative marketing mix tools. A variety of distribution channels are currently being used in the market. Direct Agents and company sales force dominated the market over years by building personal credibility and faiths in the minds of the clients.Bancassurance and broker led channels are of recent origin. Reaching out to bank’s existing customers would be very convenient and easy for the bank already had a well established relationship with their customers. They are well familiar with the target customers needs; had a strong service delivery mechanism, good quality administration, complete integration of insurance and bank products and services, qualified personnel and an organized tracking system for reporting on agents time and the results of bank referrals.Broker led channels are also being reviewed by the IRDA (Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority) as they are having an unfavorable image. But the most talked about contemporary channel is the internet driven channel. The widespread diffusion of the Internet has created an explosion in the growth of electronics chann els. Almost every industrial sector is computerized now. Computers are reaching to even rural areas and its education is given high importance now. Though the level is still low Information Technology is radically changing the way business is done.Internet enables insurers achieve wider reach, maintain customer’s interest and provide 24 hours service to customers. It also helps in reduce costs, faster processing of transactions and improving purchase decision through organized information. However, the success of this channel depends largely on the consumer attitudes and preferences. Initially the internet was expected to have a major negative impact on the traditional agent–led channel. However consumers have not shown marked preferences for online shopping of insurance products.In a survey carried out by Forrester Research in 1999(and quoted by Industry Standard), only 12 percent of insurers sell online. The research estimates that the industry will deliver about $4 billion of sales over the internet by 2003 but it could hardly account for less than 2% of total premium volume. It is a noted fact that customers have their own perception regarding selection of distribution medium. Insurers need to understand the attitudes and preferences of customers which are important factors that impact the adoption of any innovative method in this sector. Research ObjectiveIn today’s competitive scenario a company has to focus on maintaining relationships with their customers and internet is an appropriate and effective media to stay in touch with customers conveniently and economically. But at the same time it is very important to know the customer’s awareness, us age and perception regarding internet as a marketing and distribution channel for insurance products. The specific objectives of study are as follows:- †¢ To identify and analyze the factors that the customers opined are important in Insurance distribution channel †¢ To know the awareness and usage levels of internet channel by the customers. To know the customer’s motive behind purchase of insurance and importance he assign to different channels. Research Methodology Sample profile:- The sample consisted of customers from the city of Indore, the commercial capital of Madhya Pradesh. It is one of the fastest developing cities of India. 80 questionnaires were handed out to customers near office premises, college academicians and internet centers out of which 4 were disqualified due to incomplete information. A total of 76 questionnaires were found suitable for the study, over 95% of the total sample size. Data Collection MethodsBoth the primary and secondary data collection methods were used. The primary data was collected through a questionnaire. Secondary data was collected from research journals, magazines, newspapers and internet. The Questionnaire:-A structured questionnaire was developed after considering all the important factors affecting internet usage as a means of distribution. Questions were asked to gather information such as awareness, usage and customer’s perceptions regarding internet driven channels. Respondents are required to rate the factors on a six point rating scale ranging between 1= strongly agree to 5= strongly agree.Data related to demographics of the customers are also collected eg. Gender, age, occupation and income group. Data Analysis and Results Sample Demographics:-Sample demographics are collected on variables like gender,age and occupation. Out of 76 respondents 58 are male (76%) and 18(24%) are female. 45(59%) of respondents belong to younger age group of 21-30;26(34%)respondents belong to middle age group of 31-40,remaining 5 respondents are above 40+ years. Maximum 38 respondents are private employees constituting 50% of total respondents . 22(29%) belong to business category and rest 16(21%) are government employees. Sample Demographics N=76 |Categories |Count |% | |Gender |Male |58 |76% | | |Female |18 |24% | |Age |21-30 |45 |59% | | |31-40 |26 |34% | | |40+ |5 |7% | |Occupation |Business |22 |29 | | |Private Employee |38 |50 | | |Govt. Employee |16 |21 | Insurance and Internet-Indian Market Scenario Because of the technological advancements computers have become a part and parcel of every company’s routine work. It made the day to day transactions more convenient and effective. Because of low economic cost it is more referred over human labor. Information transfer and access to external environment via internet has become a routine practices. Almost every company in every industrial areas is adopting an expansion and diversification strategy so to meet out the demand for staying in touch with remote located subsidiary ,the officials need to use various electronic medium and internet is most populous of them. Its access has become common in urban and semi urban cities. Seeing the popularity, Marketers too are using it for marketing and selling their product. Online advertising and various promotion techniques are used by them for online selling the product to customers. But as per the data collected it has been figure out that though the internet usage is increasing sharply in urban and semi urban areas it is not comparatively preferred for online shopping of products. As per the data collected among 76 respondents, 64 of them i. e. 84% agree that there is a high awareness of internet but only 32 i. e. 42% has preference for online shopping. Rests 47% (36 respondents) were not in favor of this method of purchase. Above all only 24 agrees to shop insurance through internet in contrast to 42(55%)disagreed responses. 10 respondents neither agreed nor disagreed as they prefer other channel like agents, banks or broker led channels.After the introduction of liberalization reforms, insurance market in India has become very competitive as various new international insurance and financial service providers have joined hands with Indian companies to provide insurance services in Indian market. These alliances are bringing innovative products (policies) and features. They are also keeping in mind that they need to break the market monopolized by the domestic leader LIC(Life Insurance Corporations) and GIC(General Insurance Corporations). To tap the potential market they need to adopt the various marketing mix tool in different ratios. Distribution is one such important ingredient in this mix. LIC is having a largest and successful network of agent-led channels. It has created a trusted brand image in the Indian market by personalizing the sales of its policies using the agent network.Watching this private sector companies are also using this medium of distribution and are performing well to certain extent but still they need to adopt some strategies to tap the large potential market. Besides all these there are certain challenges faced by every insurance company of which two are critical:- †¢ Innovative and Customize Products to suit Indian market †¢ Use of right distribution mix. The companies are quite successful in dealing with the first challenge but it is the product marketing in which they are struggling with the right channel mix for reaching the potential customers. In today’s scenario insurance companies must move from merely selling insurance to marketing an essential financial product.This surely calls for leveraging multiple distribution chan nels is a cost effective and consumer friendly manner. However when we talk about internet shopping it has become increasingly popular with consumers these days. But in insurance sector tends to be quite slow in adopting this medium. In a survey carried out by Forrester Research in 1999(and quoted by Industry Standard), only 12% of insurers sell online. The research estimates that the industry will deliver about $4 billion of sales over the net by 2003but that would account for only 2% of the overall market. In India also low rate of adoption is due to the consumer’s perception of insurance as a complex product.Insurance in India can only be sold after a considerable persuasion and hence selling over the net, initiated from the customer would take some more time. While the adoption rate of internet as a distribution channel has been low, it is widely used as a support channel. It provides general information on financial services products( eg. insurance, investments) and planning involving the use of these products, to provide specific information on the company and its product lines, to provide administrative support to its policyholders, and to serve as a prospecting and communication tool for its agent led channel. The Influencing Factor:- Marketers must know the factors that customer perceive as important in Internet distribution.After a detailed literature review and responses from selected sample size, the following 14 features are identified:-trust and credibility, information about products, communication tool, prospecting tool, advise, cost effectiveness, security/privacy, supporting tool, transaction efficiency, efficient post sales service, complexity and compatibility, agent location , convenience, account access by policy holder, product customization. The customers are asked to rate their preference of these attributes on a scale of 1-5. Sim ple percentage analysis is used on the collected data. The most preferred attributes were trust/credibility, support, information, communication and prospecting tool. 8(50%) of respondents thin that trust is the most important factor which a customer looks into the company, its product and method of distribution. As insurance transaction involves financial /monetary terms, since there is no face to face interaction on internet, the customers are hesitant about its credibility and compatibility. Only 31(41%) believes that internet is a secure medium and privacy of transaction is can be relied upon. 36(50%) respondents feel that though it is a convenient medium for marketing and distribution yet the adoption rate is slow. Internet is basically used for supporting the Insurance transaction as discussed earlier. 4(84%) respondents agree that internet is the best medium for gathering information and to search for various companies and their products. Customers can get the answers of their queries related to quotations, status of policy, approval and claims related transactions. Thus it basically acts as a prospecting tool to the companies. Talking about cost efficiency, 85% respondents agree that internet is an economic way of gaining information for simple products like Term Insurance and Motor Insurance. Shopping for these products does not need very high advice and internet could be convenient and cost effective channel for them. Customer would like reliable advice on financial planning and insurance commitments are significant elements of this process.Research indicates that though 45% respondents prefer surfing net for knowing the various avenues of financial planning still a major portion i. e. 32% believes in face to face interaction with agents for deciding on financial investments. Complexity /Technical aspect is another factor that plays an important role while selecting a medium for insurance purchase. Internet /Computers are still tough to operate for many people who are not regular users . since internet is a new concept its literacy level will increase gradually in future. 53%of respondents feel that it is a complicated way and especially the steps which are specified on websites of companies are tough to understand and use.After purchasing a policy there are various occasion when a customer needs to interact with the with the company like payment of premium, status of policies and accounts updation, maturation of policy, purchase of any new add-ons known as riders along with policies, claim and recovery etc. if all these can be effectively done on internet then it will be the best tool of providing post sales services to the customers. Easy accessibility of the account is also one factor required for the performance of the above functions; the procedures should be clearly specified so as to view updated account information. One should also be able to locate agent incase he requires him to consult for any support/queries/complaints.The study shows that internet is adopted mainly as a support channel both by customers and insurance companies customers obtain general information and then contact agents or brokers or banks for purchase. Companies are using it to maintain relationship with their customers. However in this context it is best to look at the reason why customer buys insurance. Initially it was protection for dependents but now it is an important investment alternative in the financial planning process. People used it now as a tax-saving device for getting various deductions. Therefore keeping this in mind, companies should design and market such products which can be customized on consumer’s demand. Also use of well coordinated channel mix will help to achieve longer and stronger customer relationship management. Challenges Ahead:-The study reveals that the internet is still not a very significant distribution channel for insurance business. The usage level is very low and customers perceive trust/credibility, support, information, communication, and prospecting as significant factors affecting their decisions of choosing internet channel for insurance products. While the low cost of transaction over the net and the neutrality of the intermediary are obvious advantages, the online intermediaries do face some issues such as: †¢ Building online brands is difficult and expensive. The brands have to be strong enough for customers to trust and divulge personal information on financial matters. Managing the cost of customer acquisition will hence be a challenge. The online stock broking experience clearly indicates a downwards pressure on commissions for the intermediaries as tr ading volumes and competition increases. The insurance intermediaries may also feel a similar pressure on commissions. Conclusion:- In conclusion therefore, the insurance space is likely to witness a lot of investment from both the insurers and insurance distributors in the near future and the industry could try to make up for its slowness in responding to the internet so far. Within the world of internet based business it is quite risky to make predictions as the business space could change dramatically even within a short duration of say three months.For insurance industry the one predictions, that can however be safely made is that the quantum of internet play will only increase in the immediate future and has been witnessed in other financial services product categories, some newer and different ways of offering products and transacting business online may emerge within this industry as well.References 1. Kamal Nayan Agarwal(2004), â€Å"Factors that influence the Success of Internet Commerce,† Journal of E-Busi ness, Vol. 4,Issue 2, December. 2. Randy E Dumm and Robert E Hoyt(2002),’Insurance Distribution Channels: Markets in Transition†, September conference, The International Insurance Society, Singapore. 3. D. Venkoba Rao(2006), â€Å"Internet Impact on Insurance Distribution†, The Icfai Journal of Services Marketing, Vol. IV, No. 4 4. www. thefinancialexpress. com How to cite Internet as a Insurance Distribution Channel, Papers

America Under Invasion Essay Example For Students

America Under Invasion Essay The American family is being attacked by many problems. Some of them can be solved easily. Some of the problems may never be conquered. There are families who are strong and come together to overcome their dilemma. On the other hand, some families dont care what happens to them. These problems can and more than likely be a constant struggle. One of the major problems everyone must face is drugs. Many teenagers, as well as adults, do not realize the effect of drugs. First, they can get arrested for having it in their possession. This leads to a police record. Next, they could get addicted and have to go to rehab to get help. This will have a major consequence on the family. Worst of all, the person could overdose and die. Then the family will never be the same. The only way to solve this problem is to crack down on the problem now. It will have to be stopped. The children need to be reached before they try it. Hire more police officers to halt this crime. Even though we have organizations to try to prevent this, they need to be bigger. Another major problem is violence. Inside and outside of the home. Outside of the home, children, as well as adults, are scared to walk the streets. There are gangs that bring terror to the neighborhood. People are scared to leave their homes. On the inside, there is abuse. Many times the male is doing the ill treatment. Sometimes it is the female parent. This involves spousal abuse, child abuse, andmolestation. This kind of environment can and will scare the child or children for life. Most of the time the child is too scared to do anything about it. Thus, the violence continues, lending the child to an abusive adulthood. They will grow up and mistreat their children and/or their wife. The adolescent may even evolve into a vicious transgressor. Teenage pregnancy is a big factor in many families lives.Young females getting pregnant as early as the age of 13. Then, most of the time the mother wont even raise the child. Someone else will have to take on t!he responsibility. If the peop le want their surroundings to be safe they are going to have to solve it themselves. They need to take a stand. Show everyone they are not afraid and fight the war on crime and drugs. Inside the household, the family needs to seek help. If the family wont do someting about the abuse, then their friends will have to point out the abuser before it is too late. Go to counseling and try to maintain their family. The young daughters and sons need to be aware of the results of pre-marital sex. They dont know what kind of responsibility it takes to raise a child. It is not a walk in the park. There are many tasks to overcome to raise a child. Bills, sicknesses, and just plain love need to be given to the child. If there is a child, the mother will probably bring it to school to show it off. This leads other teenagers to think it is wonderful to have a child. It may be nice to show off, but it is no easy task. There is also the possibility of getting a sex!ually transmitted disease. Manyof these can not be cured and can result in fatality. An additional problem is broken homes. So many children grow up without a mother or a father. The child wont have the care and love as would a child with 2 parents. They do not have that special bond that secures their relationship. Numerous children grow up without any parents. Teenage girls who get pregnant have their babies then put them into an adoption agency. These children grow up not kowing what to think. The solution to this problem is a simple one. The parents need to know what it takes to be a good mother and a good father. If they cant handle the responsibility of having a child, dont have one. .u1e32d2d6c2a4a89ff206aaa38c7bde65 , .u1e32d2d6c2a4a89ff206aaa38c7bde65 .postImageUrl , .u1e32d2d6c2a4a89ff206aaa38c7bde65 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1e32d2d6c2a4a89ff206aaa38c7bde65 , .u1e32d2d6c2a4a89ff206aaa38c7bde65:hover , .u1e32d2d6c2a4a89ff206aaa38c7bde65:visited , .u1e32d2d6c2a4a89ff206aaa38c7bde65:active { border:0!important; } .u1e32d2d6c2a4a89ff206aaa38c7bde65 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1e32d2d6c2a4a89ff206aaa38c7bde65 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1e32d2d6c2a4a89ff206aaa38c7bde65:active , .u1e32d2d6c2a4a89ff206aaa38c7bde65:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1e32d2d6c2a4a89ff206aaa38c7bde65 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1e32d2d6c2a4a89ff206aaa38c7bde65 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1e32d2d6c2a4a89ff206aaa38c7bde65 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1e32d2d6c2a4a89ff206aaa38c7bde65 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1e32d2d6c2a4a89ff206aaa38c7bde65:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1e32d2d6c2a4a89ff206aaa38c7bde65 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1e32d2d6c2a4a89ff206aaa38c7bde65 .u1e32d2d6c2a4a89ff206aaa38c7bde65-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1e32d2d6c2a4a89ff206aaa38c7bde65:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Canterbury Tales: Chaunticleer; Behind The Rooster EssayTodays society is perplexed. If the people want to make it better, they are going to have to do it themselves. They have to get up off the lazy posterior. In this world they either have to make it happen or it wont happen. Nothing is going to be handed out to them.

Schizophrenia Essays - Schizophrenia, Psychiatric Diagnosis

Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a group of psychotic disorders characterized by disturbances in thought, perception, affect, behavior, and communication that last longer than 6 months. There are 5 recognized types of schizophrenia: catatonic, paranoid, disorganized, undifferentiated, and residual. Schizophrenia is thought to affect about 1% of the population. The symptoms of schizophrenia are present during the active phase. Delusions, hallucinations, catatonic behavior, and incoherence are some of the basic symptoms. No single characteristic is present in all types of schizophrenia. The cause of schizophrenia is unknown. There are various theories to explain the development of this disorder. Genetic factors may play a role; relatives of a person with schizophrenia are more likely to develop the disorder. Psychological and social factors may also play a role in development. Childhood-onset schizophrenia begins after 5 years of age, adult onset occurs before the age of 45. In children it can be difficult to differentiate from autism. The diagnosis of this disorder is difficult and controversial. Response to therapy, genetic and family history, and CT scan of the head, may aid in the diagnosis but will not confirm the existence of the disorder. Hospitalization is often required to prevent self-inflicted harm or harm to others. Antipsychotic or neuroleptic medications are used to control the symptoms of the illness. This group of drugs includes the phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dihydroindolones, and dibenzoxazepines. Drug treatment is continuous, because relapse of symptoms is common when medication is stopped. Psychotherapy may be helpful in some situations. There is no known prevention of schizophrenia.

Midsummer Nights Dream essays

Midsummer Nights Dream essays A Midsummer Nights Dream: The Movie The director of A Midsummer Nights Dream, Michael Hoffman, partially modernized the drama by changing it from 16th century in Greece to the turn of the 19th Century in Italy. The opening credits explain that it was a time when the bustle was on the wane and the bicycle was on the rise. These were considered harmonizing trends. These modernizations werent too modern, and his changes to the original story were minor and almost unnoticeable. But the film turned out a success with some effective touches here and there. The bicycle allowed for the characters to pedal after each other rather than chasing each other around on foot. It was a successful change that added a touch of humour and a little more interest to the story. At the beginning of the film we are servants preparing for Theseus wedding day. This instantly shows that Theseus has power and is high in society. A while after we are introduced to Helena. We see her walking down a road sulking and she comments on showers of ode did meet... As she is saying this its pouring rain. I thought that this was an interesting effect. It was definitely something that wasnt visualized in the book. We are then introduced to the mechanicals. The director of this film arranged for the camera to pass by Bottom the first time as a donkey walked in front of his face. Later in the film, Puck changes Bottoms head into that of an ass. Also, in the book, we were not introduced to Bottoms wife. In the film, she was added to give us some background about Bottom. She asks a person in the market Where is that worthless dreamer? This tells us right away that Bottoms head is always up in the clouds and he is a foolish thinker. Also, Bottoms wife is used to make the audience feel sympathetic towards him. Later on, after the gathering about the play, when he ...

Bruce Lee

In the book Bruce Lee: They die young, writer John Lewis tells the story of the best fighter of all time. Only known as his family, Lee Jun Hwan, Bruce Lee is an enthusiastic boy who is particularly interested in fighting sports. Unfortunately, his life has become short only at the age of 32. Through this discipline but incredibly wonderful life thanks to his discipline, determination and self-improvement, Bruce Lee has proven to be a good example. One of the greatest features of Bruce Lee is his discipline. Dragon Bruce  · Lee Story based on the memoir of 1975 Linda  · Lee Blues  · Lee: Lee said that only the one I knew was in 1993 movies, in 2009 Documentary How to change the world Bruce Lee. Exhibition: In the summer of 2013, the Hong Kong Museum of Culture held the Kungfu Art Blues Lee of Life at the Hong Kong Museum of Culture. Because JACKIE CHAN BRUCE LEE | KUNGFU☠¯ (Martial Arts vs. Ze Kwon Do) 2 TUNGANS - Chinese Martial Arts Boxer! Jackie Chan's 2017 tribute to th e most exciting moments and clip editing with BRU Bruce Lee and the best battle scenes! Jackie Chan v. Bruce Lee! Special effects, martial arts battle, kickboxing speed of innovation skills, speed of agility of agility, mobility exercise, Jeet Kun Doo, Wing Chunki martial arts karate Taekwondo TKD JKD BJJ Muay Thai kickboxing, extreme vacuum hand jack chairon Hook western boxers, teaching of boxing trap interception! As a kung-fu movie and brother, Jackie Chan and Bruce Lee have one of the most beautiful brothers ever. Considering the death of Bruce Lee, Jackie often faces their time issues together. In a recent interview, Jackie Chan acknowledged that they had been bowled just days before the death of Bruce Lee. It is healthy, but it is very sad. Jackie Chan's Recent Hollywood Venture Capital Foreigners at opening weekend box office income over $ 100 million. At the age of 63, in the process of making a movie, Chen still performs most of his own stunts. Foreigners' success is unpre cedented, but this lovely Kung Fu Star keeps fascinating audiences of all ages and backgrounds, so it can not be denied. âÅ" ½ After Bruce Lee Jackie Chan died in a cinema in Hong Kong to meet the public's demand for martial arts movies. Besides Bruce Lee (Lee Zhongtao), Bruce Lee (Huang Guangli), Bruce Lee (Bruce Lee), Bruce Lee (Tao Tai), and: Bruce Lee has a name like the imitation theater series It was carried to. Other However, imitators can not capture the original excitement. A public who is not interested in any imitation, but experiences true martial arts interest. The movie needs a new star and another dragon Essay.com/ uses examples to critically test kung fu as a global pop culture. Everyone is a battle of kung fu Please use examples to critically test kung fu as the world's pop culture. Everyone is a battle of kung fu Bruce Lee Imagine, beat teens wandering on the street waiting for a boy. Well, this is the life of an actor and fighter Bruce Lee. He is the victim of daily abuse. After school, he wandered around the city, but this is busy and cruel. But without these bullying, he will not be like him. Bruce Lee is very famous despite the fact that he died due to brain damage in 1973 as he is quite famous as a martial artist made with actors and the United States and China achievements Sometime old 30 to 7 years old. Dragon Bruce  · Lee Story based on the memoir of 1975 Linda  · Lee Blues  · Lee: Lee said that only the one I knew was in 1993 movies, in 2009 Documentary How to change the world Bruce Lee. Exhibition: In the summer of 2013, the Hong Kong Museum of Culture held the Kungfu Art Blues Lee of Life at the Hong Kong Museum of Culture. Because JACKIE CHAN BRUCE LEE | KUNGFU☠¯ (Martial Arts vs. Ze Kwon Do) 2 TUNGANS - Chinese Martial Arts Boxer! Jackie Chan's 2017 tribute to the most exciting m oments and clip editing with BRU Bruce Lee and the best battle scenes! Jackie Chan v. Bruce Lee! Special effects, martial arts battle, kickboxing speed of innovation skills, speed of agility of agility, mobility exercise, Jeet Kun Doo, Wing Chunki martial arts karate Taekwondo TKD JKD BJJ Muay Thai kickboxing, extreme vacuum hand jack chairon Hook western boxers, teaching of boxing trap interception! As a kung-fu movie and brother, Jackie Chan and Bruce Lee have one of the most beautiful brothers ever. Considering the death of Bruce Lee, Jackie often faces their time issues together. In a recent interview, Jackie Chan acknowledged that they had been bowled just days before the death of Bruce Lee. It is healthy, but it is very sad. Jackie Chan's Recent Hollywood Venture Capital Foreigners at opening weekend box office income over $ 100 million. At the age of 63, in the process of making a movie, Chen still performs most of his own stunts. Foreigners' success is unprecedented, but thi s lovely Kung Fu Star keeps fascinating audiences of all ages and backgrounds, so it can not be denied. âÅ" ½ After Bruce Lee Jackie Chan died in a cinema in Hong Kong to meet the public's demand for martial arts movies. Besides Bruce Lee (Lee Zhongtao), Bruce Lee (Huang Guangli), Bruce Lee (Bruce Lee), Bruce Lee (Tao Tai), and: Bruce Lee has a name like the imitation theater series It was carried to. Other However, imitators can not capture the original excitement. A public who is not interested in any imitation, but experiences true martial arts interest. The movie needs a new star and another dragon Essay.com/ uses examples to critically test kung fu as a global pop culture. Everyone is a battle of kung fu Please use examples to critically test kung fu as the world's pop culture. Everyone is a battle of kung fu Bruce Lee Bruce  · Lee Christian  · Estrada March 22, 1996 Literature - 07 Biography  · Report brief Introduction Bruce Lee was born on November 27, 1940, the Chinese dragon year which is the moment of the dragon. From the beginning it was obvious that he was an exceptionally unique child with sufficient energy. His mother named him Lee Jun-hwan, which means going back again. When his parents and Guangdong Opera traveled together, she felt that she would return to America. Dragon Bruce  · Lee Story based on the memoir of 1975 Linda  · Lee Blues  · Lee: Lee said that only the one I knew was in 1993 movies, in 2009 Documentary How to change the world Bruce Lee. Exhibition: In the summer of 2013, the Hong Kong Museum of Culture held the Kungfu Art Blues Lee of Life at the Hong Kong Museum of Culture. Because JACKIE CHAN BRUCE LEE | KUNGFU☠¯ (Martial Arts vs. Ze Kwon Do) 2 TUNGANS - Chinese Martial Arts Boxer! Jackie Chan's 2017 tribute to the most exciting moments and clip editing with BRU Bruce Lee and the best battle scenes! Jackie Chan v. Bruce Lee! Special effects, martial arts battle, kickboxing speed of innovation skills, speed of agility of agility, mobility exercise, Jeet Kun Doo, Wing Chunki martial arts karate Taekwondo TKD JKD BJJ Muay Thai kickboxing, extreme vacuum hand jack chairon Hook western boxers, teaching of boxing trap interception! As a kung-fu movie and brother, Jackie Chan and Bruce Lee have one of the most beautiful brothers ever. Considering the death of Bruce Lee, Jackie often faces their time issues together. In a recent interview, Jackie Chan acknowledged that they had been bowled just days before the death of Bruce Lee. It is healthy, but it is very sad. Jackie Chan's Recent Hollywood Venture Capital Foreigners at opening weekend box office income over $ 100 million. At the age of 63, in the process of making a movie, Chen still performs most of his own stunts. Foreigners' success is unprecedented, but this lovely Kung Fu Star k eeps fascinating audiences of all ages and backgrounds, so it can not be denied. âÅ" ½ After Bruce Lee Jackie Chan died in a cinema in Hong Kong to meet the public's demand for martial arts movies. Besides Bruce Lee (Lee Zhongtao), Bruce Lee (Huang Guangli), Bruce Lee (Bruce Lee), Bruce Lee (Tao Tai), and: Bruce Lee has a name like the imitation theater series It was carried to. Other However, imitators can not capture the original excitement. A public who is not interested in any imitation, but experiences true martial arts interest. The movie needs a new star and another dragon Essay.com/ uses examples to critically test kung fu as a global pop culture. Everyone is a battle of kung fu Please use examples to critically test kung fu as the world's pop culture. Everyone is a battle of kung fu bruce lee Bruce Lee Blues Lee is probably the best fighter of all time. I was born in San Francisco, California on November 27, 1940. A few months after he was born, Bruce and his family returned to Hong Kong. Bruce starred in many movies as a child. The role he initially starred was actually when he was 6 years old. This is the character Little Orphan Sam in the movie. At the age of 12, Bruce began teaching martial arts from legendary Eien Spring artist Master Shif Yapman. Bruce Lee personally recognized three coaches: Taki  · Kimura, James  · Imrie and Dan  · Inosanto. Inosanto came directly from Lee Elong (coach) of Chinese Kung Fu of Jeet Kune Do, Jun Fan Gung Fu and Bruce Lee. Taky Kimura is ranked 5th in Jun Fan Gung Fu. James Yimm Lee went 3rd in Jun Fan Gung Fu. Ted Wong got second in Jeet Kune who was directly accredited by Bruce Lee, later promoted to coach of Dan Inosanto. Since Mr. Li's death, other Jeet Kune Do coaches have been certified directly by Dan Inosanto, some of wh ich still have certificates signed by Bruce Lee. Linda Lee's memoir of 1975 Bruce Lee: 1993 film based on only a man I knew Dragon: The Story of Bruce Lee and 2009 Documentary How Bruce Lee changes the world Lee's life is depicted in. In the summer of 2013, the Hong Kong Cultural Museum hosted the exhibition Lee Kodoku: Kung Fu Art Life. BRUCE LEE vs. JACKIE CHAN | 2 TUNGANS OF KUNGFU ☠¯ (Giant clone vs. wish) - Chinese fighting boxer! The best battle scene 2017 of Bru Lee Xiaolong and Jackie Chan is a tribute to the most exciting moments and editors. Jackie Chan v. Bruce Lee! Stunt, Martial Arts Fight, Boxing Kicking Speed ​​Technical Skill Agility Strength, Mobility Sports, Martial Arts Karate Martial Arts Karate Taekwondo TKD JKD BJJ Kickboxing Muay Thai, Kyokushin Kairon Karate Javelin Hook Western Boxer, Trap Intercept Boxing Teaching As brothers of martial arts and films, Jackie Chan and Bruce Lee are among the most beautiful brothers in history. Considering the death of Bruce Lee, Jackie often faces their time issues together. In a recent interview, Jackie Chan acknowledged that they were bowling just a few days before Bruce Lee's death. It is healthy, but it is very sad. Jackie Chan's recent Hollywood venture capital company, The Foreigner, earned over $ 100 million box office revenue in the US at the weekend opening. In the process of making a movie, Chen is still doing much of his own stunt performance when he is 63 years old. Although the success of foreigners is unprecedented, it is undeniable as this lovely Kung Fu Star keeps fascinating audiences of all ages and backgrounds. âÅ" ½

Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Literature - Essay Example The point of view literary device in the story is crucial in deciding the perception and stance of the story as it progresses (Dupriez 29). This is a strong influence in determining the overall tone of the story. The author switches point of view a couple of times. At some point, it will be of one of the slaves, and then it switches to the master of the plantation (Murphy 97). This way, the readers are able to take a look into the person's mind and understand their feelings and thoughts better. For example, in Chapter 7 where Eliza is trying to escape and save her child, the narrative is in her point of view: She wondered within herself at the strength that seemed to be come upon her;...and every flutter of fear seemed to increase the supernatural power that bore her on, while from her pale lips burst forth, in frequent ejaculations, the prayer to a Friend above,—â€Å"Lord, help! Lord, save me!†. (Perkins 381) After several paragraphs, the point of view shifts to other characters. Stowe writes â€Å"Andy looked up innocently at Sam, surprised at hearing this new geographical fact, but instantly confirmed what he said by a vehement reiteration† (Perkins 387). Such strategy makes the lines more personal, and provides the readers with a reading experience that makes them understand each person independently. The imagery literary device in the story helps readers create mental pictures of scenes in the story which helps them experience the events more vividly (Dupriez 32). Imagery plays a crucial part in providing mental sketches of important events and scenes such as the deaths of each slave or even the Shelby mansion (Murphy 99-100). This is also evident in the dramatic scene in Chapter 7 where Eliza is running away. The imagery in this scene helps the readers experience the dread, worry, and fear that Eliza is feeling that very moment. ...the bare thought of putting him out of her arms made her shudder, and she strained him to her bosom wit h a convulsive grasp as she went rapidly forward. (Perkins 381) Imagery is used on several parts of the novel. Another example is in showing the experiences a slave endures at the hands of a cruel master. In Chapter 40, Stowe writes â€Å"Legree stood aghast, and looked at Tom; and there was such a silence that the tick of the old clock could be heard, measuring, with silent touch, the last moments of mercy and probation to that hardened heart† (Perkins 396). The reader can almost feel the deafening silence as the slave waits for his Master's reaction. The foreshadowing literary device (Dupriez 19) is seldom used in this novel, but when used, it is in such a powerful manner that makes the readers dread for what they are sure is about to happen (Murphy 105). For example, in Chapter 40 again, Stowe writes â€Å"It was but a moment. There was one hesitating pause,—one irresolute, relenting thrill,—and the spirit of evil came back, with sevenfold vehemence;† (Perkins 396). Readers can immediately feel that despite the hesitation, the quiet moment of reluctance, the comeback of evil will bring Tom something that is even more dangerous, and even fatal. Furthermore, foreshadowing is evident in this line â€Å"Like his Master, he knew that if he saved others, himself he could not save; nor could utmost extremity wring from him words save of prayer and holy trust† (Perkins 397). Here, readers are made to see the eventual fate that

The historic Development of Chinese Private International Law Article

The historic Development of Chinese Private International Law - Article Example Following the enactment of the process of reform and the opening-up in 1978, the destiny of China has never been the same. For the last three decades, China has realized progress on an unprecedented magnitude. Its economy is skyrocketing as the legal system undergoes continuous improvements. We can deduce that it is the reform policy coupled with the opening up that has attracted the international community to China. This guiding principle has also enabled China to familiarize itself and have an understanding of the international arena2. Within the last three decades, China has also witness a tremendous development in its legal academy, an impact of which much greater research and high number of improved performances have been encouraged and promoted. A case in point is the development of private international law. The nation’s private international legal structure has turned out to be more comprehensive, efficient and effective, especially in view of the actualization of Chapter IX of the draft Civil Code. It is possible to project with certainty that in the few years to come, the Chinese private international legal structure will be one of the most popular systems in the planet, with respect to both structure and composition3. The inception and growth of law and the social context within which it exists are inseparable. The things that private international law oversees are the international civil and commercial legal link. As such, its occurrence and progress cannot be realizable without clear-cut state policy together with a social environment in under which the Chinese can enjoy equal interaction with the international community. Since 1949, a period when new China was formed, to 1978, owing to historical reasons, China was in a comparatively confined social environment4. It was not possible for the nation’s private international law to advance

Vertigo - Hitchcock Defying Genres Essay Example for Free

Vertigo Hitchcock Defying Genres Essay Based on the French novel D’Entre les Morts by Pierre Boileau and Thomas Narcejac, Vertigo is arguably one of Alfred Hitchcock’s masterpieces and the â€Å"strangest, yet most hauntingly beautiful film he had ever made† (Adair, 2002). At the time, its far-fetched plot drew a mixed response from critics – Time magazine called the movie a â€Å"Hitchcock and bull story† – but today most agree that it is one of the director’s most deeply felt pictures. Vertigo very easily categorized into a specific genre – Thriller, a genre of movies that, in many ways, Hitchcock played a major role in defining. Thrillers are typically movies that attempt to create excitement and include stories about murder, conspiracies, violence, or, in the case of Vertigo, a psychological thriller with unusual characters with unstable mental states. Vertigo checks most of the boxes in defining itself as a thriller. However, simply labeling Hitchcock’s Vertigo a thriller will limit its contents, symbols, motifs and themes to just that of a thriller film. Very frequently, a â€Å"film can revise or reject the conventions associated with its genre† (Bordwell, 2001) Instead, in analyzing the film, we need to explore its mystery and romantic melodramatic themes Hitchcock used in creating this masterpiece which defies itself being categorized into a single genre. As the man who helped to shape the modern day thriller genre, Hitchcock was fluent in manipulating the audiences fears, and suturing them into a state of association with the characters and the world in which they exist. The main point of Vertigo being a thriller is the plot – Scottie, the protagonist and victim of a planned murder of an old friend’s wife – whom he falls in love with, an impossible love as she ‘dies’ and in turn, he continues his downward spiral into mad obsession. These semantic elements are true to psycho-traumatic thrillers, which are centered around the psychotic effects of a trauma on the protagonists (detective) current involvement in a love affair and a crime. The protagonist is always the victim generally of some past trauma which is Scottie’s acrophobia leading to his fellow police officer’s death, and often of villains who take advantage of his or her masochist guilt (Cook, 1999). These elements are evident of Vertigo being a thriller, but there is more . How Hitchcock defies Vertigo as being just a thriller is how the semantic elements fall short. Unlike typical thriller conventions, Vertigo has no happy ending. The flawed protagonist falls in love, which in turn became an obsession that ends in madness. He is guilty of all three deaths, and he stays in a state of transition the entire film. Hitchcock, who pioneered the use of morally ambiguous characters in cinema, filled Vertigo with such characters, especially the protagonist. The repeated motif of the spiral represents Scottie’s constant state of suspension and transition, all the way to the end of the film. Another major element that needs to be explored, is in fact the main motivation in the film – romance, or love, that eventually boils into obsession. Hitchcock uses the several cinematic techniques, music, and the motif of green to portray this element. The first time Scottie and the audience sees Madeleine, she is wearing green, she drives a green car, and when they visit the Sequoias, the name translates as â€Å"Always green, everlasting†. Scottie’s love for her was ‘everlasting’, even after death (Duncan, 2004). The notion of everlasting carries over to when Judy Barton appears, Scottie attempts, with succession to transform her. He changes her dressing, makeup, hair, and speech into his image of Madeleine. Perhaps the most impactful scene visually in the entire film was when Judy/ Madeleine emerges from the bathroom after Scottie convinced her to do up her hair, the final touch/ transformation into Madeleine. The sequence began with Scottie pacing in the apartment near the window as Judy was doing up her hair in the bathroom. He finally settles down onto the couch, facing away from the toilet door, waiting. As the bathroom door opens, he turns to his left, and we only see his left profile (Fig 1.), a mirror image to the first time he set eyes on Madeleine in the restaurant – unsure, and this time, full of anticipation. We are reminded of the green motif, by the neon light outside Judy’s apartment. As Scottie turns around to fully see the resurrected Madeleine, he slowly stands up and at this point the music starts to pick up, leading us to the point at which he sees his beloved. The camera tracks into a close up of Scottie’s face, with the green light reflecting off his eye, he almost looks like he has tears in his eyes (Fig 2.). Cut to Judy/ Madeleine stepping out of the toilet, it is Scottie’s POV of Madeleine bathed in ghostly green light. Similar to the scene in the cemetery where Madeleine was shot through a fog filter, which gave her the green glow, Judy/ Madeleine now had green light superimposed around her body, which gave her the appearance of a blurred, ghostly figure (Fig 3.). This reflected Madeleine coming back from the dead, now a ghost, as green is usually used to represent ghost or spirits in film. She then slips out of the blur and into focus, Hitchcock used this to indicate Scottie’s come back to reality, coming to his senses as he spots the locket in the next scene, realizing that Judy has been tricking him all along (Truffaut, 1985). There is a series of shot/ reverse-shots, as she walks toward Scottie, all the while with the green glow behind both. The walk toward Scottie was slow, as she pauses with a mid-shot, and eventually into a close up (Fig 4). In the close-up, she sneaks a smile, a slight smile indicating that she was happy that she was able to fulfill his request, of her transformation. Cut back to Scottie who takes a step toward her, he kisses her in close up (Fig 5). The dynamics of the music picks up as the camera starts to track around them, starting the 360-degree rotation sequence. The background starts to change, an illusion by Hitchcock to momentarily transform the mise-en-scà ¨ne of the present in Judy’s hotel room to a scene from the past. Scottie looks up from the embrace to see himself at the place where he first passionately kissed Madeleine. At this point, the camera slows the track and pulls back into a medium shot (Fig 6) and the music accelerates into a joyous tune. This shot was a visual externalization of Scottie’s thoughts and desire, while Judy was lost in her own world of denial, snuggled up, kissing his neck an overlap and irony of fantasy and reality. Scottie kisses Judy/ Madeleine again as the camera starts tracking once again as the music slows into the main melodic climax. The sequence is concluded a tight close up, once again with the green glow illuminating the background (Fig 7). Vertigo fulfills many elements that qualifies it as a psycho-traumatic thriller, but we cannot ignore the other (and maybe) more important aspects of the film, as discussed which were the romance, madness and obsession, which makes Vertigo the film that it is. Hitchcock also defies thriller conventions with the use of morally ambiguous characters, the tragic conclusion to the film, and other semantic elements, which deviates from the genre conventions. Vertigo defies genre, instead, it is a mix of genre. We have to look past genre conventions to fully explore and appreciate this â€Å"strangest, yet most hauntingly beautiful film he (Hitchcock) has ever made†. Adair, G. (2002). Alfred Hitchcock: Filming Our Fears. Oxford Univerity Press Bordwell, D. Thompson, K. (2001). Film Art: an Introduction. 6th Edition. New York: McGraw Hill. Cook, P. Bernick, M. (1999). The Cinema Book. 2nd Revised Edition. BFI Publishing. Duncan, P. (2004). Alfred Hitchcock. Pocket Essentials.

girl interrupted review Essay -- essays research papers

One popular cultural myth about the mentally ill is the archetype of the "Sexy Crazy Girl", which we've seen in movies, comic books, and music. Losing your grip with reality is not a glamorous subject, but that's not what you get from Girl, Interrupted. It is apparent that all the girls in the movie had some type of dysfunctional personality, and bad things happen to some of them, but it just did not seem realistic. First off, most of the patients prtrayed were young, which made the care facility look like a youth home rather than a mental institution. but only the main (well known) stars, (Jolie and Ryder) were focal piont. I'll also note that about half the young girls in the movie, Ryder and Jolie included, simply don't look like girls in the 1960's. Maybe that's a difficult statement to explain, but it has to do with that certain look each time and generation seems to have; and Ryder and Jolie don't look like girls of the 1960's. Of course, one could easily say that th eir displacement is part of their condition... but I didn't buy it. To finish this paragraph about this film's inconsistent appearances, I'll mention how convenient it seems that with the exception of one extra, nearly the entire cast of patients in this ward are under the age of 25 or so. Mental illness strikes women of all ages, so it was a bit perplexing to see it portrayed as a thing of youth. This also feeds into my prior statement about making "going crazy" look cool... this movie ...

Holocaust: Germany Adolf

The Holocaust was a devastating time in history that took many lives and changed a lot of people’s outlooks on life itself. The Holocaust started on January 30, 1933, when Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany, and it ended on May 8, 1945 when the  war in Europe ended. During the Holocaust approximately 5,860,000 Jews lost their lives, which include children also. Many Jewish communities suffered significant losses during the Holocaust. Also, it is estimated that the Nazis established approximately 15,000 camps in their occupied territories.The Holocaust was a time period of death and racism; it involved the power and the powerless. Families, friends, and communities were separated and killed; some Jews made it but many died. This huge epidemic involved the mass murder of children, adults, and even the elderly. Due to the levels of power and strength, the Nazis easily took over and the Holocaust began (Rosenberg). Adolf Hitler, the cruel man whom started the Holocaust, d id not always have power. Surprisingly, Adolf Hitler grew up in a poor family, and had a horrible relationship with his father.Alois Hitler, Adolf’s father, wanted Adolf to become a civil servant for the Austrian Empire as he did, but Adolf wanted to study art and become an artist. However, after Alois died, Adolf pursued his dream with his mother’s support and studied art. Adolf’s goal was to enter the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts, but after applying he had been refused. Vienna Academy of Fine Arts stated that Adolf’s work was of unsatisfactory and did not meet their standards. Vienna, filled with 200,000 Jews alone, describes the race of people who kept Adolf Hitler from pursuing his lifelong dream of becoming an artist.With this being sated, Hitler soon grew anger towards the race of Jews. In 1914 World I Began and Adolf enlisted in the German Army, after serving four years and making his way back to Munich, Germany Adolf got a job as a political traini ng official. Here Adolf met the general in command of Bavaria, whom was one of the most important figures of the Nazi. Gaining power, Adolf quit his job in the army and devoted his life to the party of the Nazi’s. Becoming dictator, Adolf got to feel the power that he always wanted to feel, aiming towards the race who stole his dream; the Jews were now his target.Hitler had the Nazi party behind him and eventually had thousands of soldiers to help him invade the many countries that housed many Jews. Adolf Hitler, once poor, finally gained the power he envied, and will later use this power in a very negative way (Tynan). Jews, just like everyone else, lived in a society, had a family, had a job, and lived a life. After Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany, he began to take over many things including the Jewish race. The hostility towards Jews increased in Germany.This was reflected by many shops and restaurants to not serve the Jewish population. Placards saying â€Å"Je ws not admitted† and â€Å"Jews enter this place at their own risk† began to appear all over Germany. In some parts of the country Jews were banned from public parks, swimming-pools and even public transport. Germans were also encouraged to not use Jewish doctors or lawyers. Taking over and sending many Jews to the concentration camps, Adolf Hitler managed to kill many millions of Jews. The Jews that lives in these concentration camps lived in conditions that were not even suitable for animals.Almost killing the whole race of Jews, Adolf Hitler was satisfied. Many disturbing events happened; Jews were worked to death, brutally tortured, and burned to death. Adolf Hitler’s anger towards the Jews showed in this horrible time period. Jews, just like everyone else, had an important life to live; however, Adolf Hitler did not see the importance of life in the race of the Jews (Wilson). Children, innocent and trusting, were very vulnerable during the Holocaust. The Naz is advocated on killing the children of the unwanted. The Germans killed more than 1. million children. Many children died of starvation and lack of adequate shelter. German authorities generally selected children along with the elderly, ill, and disabled, for the first deportations to killing centers, or as the first victims led to mass graves to be shot (â€Å"Holocaust Museum†). In today’s society children are mostly protected from any harm or danger, but unfortunately the children of the Holocaust were murdered and vulnerable at all times. Think of your childhood, have you ever got lost in a store and separated from your parents?During that time of separation, children become scared and overwhelmed. Furthermore, during the Holocaust many children were separated from their parents, the innocent children who had no idea of what was happening and who did not do anything to deserve to be brutally treated, had to deal with this stress that even an adult could not comple tely handle. The lives of these children were taken without that child not even getting the chance to experience what life really was. Selfishly, the Nazis did not want these children to live because f the ethnicity, but what they did not understand is, these helpless children did not chose to be born Jewish; they did not have the power to fight back or to defend themselves. Children were killed in the Holocaust due to the generations of their past family members, they did not have the choice to live or die. Children, whom were victims of the Holocaust, did not choose this for themselves and had their lives stolen from them without knowing it. After the Holocaust ended, many people were devastated. Jews and many other cultures were left without food and shelter.Many of these people did not have a job and lost their family also. Many Jews never found their family members, and never got reunited with their friends from the past. Unfortunately, when many of the Jews tried to return to Poland, they were murdered by mobs. Furthermore, even when the Holocaust was over, the Jews still suffered a hard life. Looking for new homes approximately 137,000 Jews came to the United States, which admitted almost 400,000 refugees (â€Å"Holocaust Museum†). Jews mostly did not return to their homes because of the hatred of Jews that was portrayed in their former community.Possibly as many as 170,000 Jewish displaced persons and refugees had immigrated to Israel by 1953 (Rosenberg). Adolf Hitler, This cruel man, who killed millions of people, was finally put to justice. Death is never the answer, and I’m sure that his family and former friends were experiencing a huge loss, but during this time period the death of Adolf Hitler was the only answer that would punish him for his horrible crime. Despite what the Jews went through, they never demanded attention or compensation for what they went through.The Jews tried their hardest to return back to their normal lives, a nd find family members that they lost during the tragic time of the Holocaust. All in all, they avoided the temptation to hate or to teach their children to hate, which takes a lot of honor to do. Throughout this whole essay, I am trying to let the reader know that the Holocaust was a very devastating time for many cultures. Furthermore, before the Holocaust, the Jews lived a normal life, just like any other human being did. Afterwards, when the Jews were set free, it took them a really long time to return back to normal life, though their lives will never be normal gain. The Jews and their families will always have fear, and never forget the horrible things that they seen and went through. Unquestionably, this period in time showed how evil mankind can be, and what humans will do over anger and madness. The holocaust was a horrible event that killed millions of innocent people and showed the world how inhuman mankind can be. The Holocaust, what is the true depth of this word? As sa d as it may seem, it affected the lives of millions because of the hate and jealously inside of one certain group of people, the Nazi’s.Millions of innocent adults and children had their lives stolen from them over one man’s anger and hatred. Many people of today’s society could not imagine being treated as the Jews were treated. The Jews were treated as wild animals; they were locked away and barely fed or sheltered. Can you find a word to describe this act? Dehumanization, Man and man are supposed to work together to make their community better. Every human is just alike, we all have; hair, two eyes, two arms, two legs, and a brain to think.Furthermore, we all also have emotions and feelings. Would Adolf Hitler want to be treated how he treated the Jews? No, nobody would like to be treated as if they did not belong or matter. Everyone has a purpose in this world, and everyone is born for a reason. Let the Jews that died and suffered, rest in peace and live the ir life the best that they possibly can. These people who went through and experienced this unbearable time in history, are the strongest people of mankind. It took a lot of emotional and physical power to overcome that experience.The Holocaust has been over for many many years, but the wounds still scar the Jews and their families and many other groups of people too. May god let the soles of the Holocaust rest in peace, for you will never be disclaimed. As your stories fade into history, we will never forget the courage that it took to bare the actions that you endured during the Holocaust. This era in time will never be forgotten, and all of whom died and suffered through this horrible tragedy will always be remembered, for we will never forget the courage they held, and the hurt that they endured.

A Tragic Hero in Aristotle Definition Essay

The word tragedy is when an event ends in misfortune. However, when the word tragedy is put in context within a play or a story it is a story circling around a protagonist who is of high power and stature. A tragedy is usually the development of a protagonist whose in conflict with a more superior force; the superior forces that the protagonist could be faced with is his destiny, free will and the Gods that rule over them. The end of a tragedy is usually the protagonist whose in a state of deterioration in which he loses everything. A tragic hero is meant to define his fate by himself, usually by actions that he inflicts on himself which then lead him to wreck his own life. Aristotle is considered as one of the many ancient influential philosophers there is and therefore his view of Oedipus being an ideal tragic hero is considered as highly powerful in the world of literature. Aristotle defines tragedy as the conflict between humans being good yet being defeated by reality as their actions done with good intentions can actually bring back outcomes that were not initially wanted. In the play Oedipus by Sophocles, Oedipus is classed as a classic tragic hero by Aristotle for many of the characteristics he possesses. According to Aristotle’s definition of a tragic hero; the tragic hero has to be realistic, true to life, consistent and true to themselves, consistent within the context of the narrative and has to make errors of judgement throughout the play but the results of what has been done should be the opposite of what was initially intended. A tragic hero should be able to arouse feelings of pity and fear; this is because, the feeling of pity is aroused by our deep sympathy for someone whose life is falling out of place whereas that person is neither too good nor too evil to have deserved such a misfortune, and the feeling of fear is aroused by the sheer horror that such a tragedy can fall upon anyone regardless of their stature. According to Aristotle’s definition Oedipus is a tragic hero because he is a man of great power and influence over the city he rules and his life begins to deteriorate in front of everyone’s eyes as he goes on a quest to find out who he is. Aristotle says that a tragic hero must be the one to cause their own downfall in which Oedipus persistently decides to carry on asking questions about his origins. Also, the tragic hero’s fate is not deserved and his punishment exceeds his wrongdoings and  that a tragic hero must be someone important and influential and he must be someo ne who makes an error of judgement. This error of judgement is seen when Oedipus forces Tiresias in anger to answer his questions of who his parents are, â€Å"Who? Wait; who are my parents?†, it is Oedipus’s own mistake in forcing answers in which he does not wish to hear or know.

The Effects of Divorce on Children Essay

The Effects of Divorce on Children Essay The Effects of Divorce on Children Essay Example The Effects of Divorce on Children Essay Example The effects of divorce can differ depending on many factors, among which the most important are the behavior of parents and the age and gender of children. It is   essential for children to maintain a contact with both of the parents afterwards. The absence or existence of such a contact usually depends on the relations, on their experience and education in the sphere of children’s psychology. Married and Divorced Parents Therefore, the assumption of the research paper is that those children, whose parents pay attention to children’s interests more than to those of their own, and stay cooperative regardless their separation, feel less negative impact from the divorce than those, who get a possibility to communicate with only one parent. The school children aged 13 to 18, who could communicate with both of their parents were compared to those, who were sensitized against the non-custodial parent, were interviewed for the following research. The following spheres of life were analyzed: sociability, intimate relations, educational achievements at school, parent-children relations. According to the statistics more and more families suffer from divorces each year. Regardless the further behavior of the parents and their relations, for children this is loss of the family that they knew. Numerous research findings prove that divorce negatively affects children on both psychological and physiological levels. However, the scholars research the impact of divorce on psychological adjustment of children in majority of cases. Consequently, the psychologists have investigated the influence of divorce on relations with parents, quality of intimate relationships in future, achievements in various spheres, alcohol and drugs abuse etc. and have proved that the impact of divorce can become a long-term psychological trauma for children (e.g. Ahrons, 2007; Amato, 2001; Allison, 1989; Kruk, 2010; Moon, 2011; Mustonen, 2011; Velez et al., 2011). Therefore, it is necessary to discuss the situation from different points of view considering the attitude of the parents and reaction o f juveniles   to it. These effects are closely interconnected; that is why both can help to find the way to avoid the possible negative consequences of divorce or at least minimize them. Paying attention to the change of the children’s reaction depending on their age, it is necessary to emphasize the work of Demo (1988). For his research the children, who participated in the investigation, were divided into groups according to their age: infants, toddlers, 3-5 years old, 6-9 years old, 10-12 years old, 13-18 years old. Consequently, it was proved that the reaction of children on divorce can be different: they can feel sad, guilty, angry, anxious or even physically sick. Their gender and age are the factors, which contribute a lot to their reaction. For instance, the adolescents from 13 to 18 years create a group, where the reaction is usually filled with the feelings of anger, sadness, and anxiety (Demo, 1988). Since the period of adolescence is associated with growing up, formation of morality and experimentation, it is important that the parents are those, who show an example of the adult behavior. The rules and limits set by the family in this period are ve ry important for the teenagers’ behavior and development. Consequently, lack of a parent can for different reasons make these rules unclear or changeable and cause moral or psychological health violations. Children regard the divorce as a great change, which means the loss of a parent. Consequently, it is important for a child to keep contact with both parents. Gindes in his article proves the idea of both parents’ importance on the example of relocation of parents (Gindes, 1998). Divorce lowers children’s sense of security and stability; two closest people become not equally accessible to a child anymore.   Gindes (1998) states that after the divorce â€Å"the foundation of the child’s world is splintered†. Therefore, in his article he proves that for the proper further child’s development, it is necessary to have a strong positive relationship with both parents, who are not hostile, but amicable towards each other. The best possible after-divorce scenario includes regular communication with a non-residential parent and cooperation of mother and father. Gindes (1998) shows that relocation is important in the mobile society and to what the divorced parents should pay attention in case it is needed. Another example presenting the importance of spending time with a non-custodial parent is provided in the article of Eymann et al (2009). The findings of this research acknowledge that the life of children from intact and divorce families differs and is influenced significantly by the child’s sex, time spent with non-residential parent, who is more often a father and the parents’ education. Since the participants of the research were mothers and children from divorced families, it showed that the time spent with fathers was significantly lower. At the same time the quality of family relations, social emotional functioning and behavior, self-esteem, mental health and behavior were significantly lower. Consequently, the above mentioned findings prove again that psychosocial quality of children’s life at school-age is significantly influenced by parent’s education and attitude towards their child’s interests. The next   research based on the interview of 118 married and 114 divorced parents provided by Moon (2011) is also worth attention for in the given research paper and supports Eymann’s hypotheses. Moon (2011) proves that the behavior and experience of parents are of great importance by handling the divorce effects for children. Having analyzed the attitude of parents towards the influence of divorce on psychology of their children, Moon came to the conclusion that married parents believe that their divorce would have more negative effects on children than divorced parents do. Consequently, they pay more attention to their children’s interests and problems than to those of their own. In order to lessen the negative effects of divorce, it is important to find out the reasons evoking them. Hence, Amato in his article (2001) presented an updated research of the impact of divorce on children in the 1990s. His hypothesis was that the effects of divorce had lessened in the 1990s, and some factors, which are responsible for that change, are as follows: sophistication of the studies in the sphere divorce; as it got easier to divorce, less troubled families were being included in the divorced population; more extensive interventions. Explaining the adjustment problems in adolescence between children of divorced and two-parent families Simons et al. (1999) emphasized such factors as parental conflict, family income, psychological adjustment of the custodial parent, practice of a custodial parent, as well as the non-custodial parent involvement. His research was based on the series of questionnaires defining parental factors, among which the following were marked: income, parenting practices, parents depression and conflict, and childrens adjustment problems. As a result, the findings showed a close connection between the children’s adjustment problems and the divorce of their parents. In the case of the boys conduct problems, the research showed a significant relationship with parenting practices, which were likely to be impaired because of the divorce. In the case of girls conduct problems, a parental conflict had a significant impact. Paying attention to children’s depression, it is necessary to ma rk out that according to Simon et al. (1999) the boys were not affected by the mediating variables. At the same time the girls’ depressive states were   influenced by the mothers. Therefore, it is obvious that the divorce and the parental conflict have a significant negative impact on children’s behavior in the period of adolescence. The impact on girls differs from that one on boys in long-term perspective. Mustonen et al (2011) in the article described how the parental divorce influenced the quality of intimate relationships and psychosocial resources in the future. The research was based on questionnaires of children from the divorced families at the age of 16 and later of 32 years. Consequently, the scholars concluded that men and women from the divorced families more often separated at the age of 32 than those from the intact families. However, the parental divorce affected daughters more than sons. Women, who suffered from the parental divorce in childhood, had poorer relations with their parents in adolescence. Moreover, they were characterized by lower self-esteem and social support satisfaction.   The gender divergence can be caused by the fact that after the divorce, in most cases, the mothers are the residential parents. Consequently, the daughters absorb their negative attitude towards marriage. Ano ther possible reason is the difference in psychosocial resources. It such case, it is possible to state that men are less impressionable by the negative impact of parental divorce than women. The next research, which proves the inappropriateness of bringing children into parental conflicts, was held by Ben-Amy (2012). The research was based on the survey of 118 individuals, whose well-being was analyzed according to 5 domains: self-sufficiency, alcohol abuse, depression, attachment, and self-esteem. Consequently, it was found out that the attempts of one parent to turn a child against another one caused lower self-sufficiency, lower self-esteem, a lack or low level of secure attachments, and more frequent lifetime depressions. The domain that, according to the provided research, was not influenced by parental post-divorce disputes was alcohol abuse. As a result, the psychological amicable atmosphere between two parents is obviously contributing much to the health of children. Taking into consideration another point of view, not only children’s gender difference, but also the parents’ one is important in divorce studies. Therefore, it is important to regard not only the relations of parents between each other, but the attitude of fathers and mothers towards children. The mothers become the residential parents more often than the fathers. They usually   participate more in the children’s upbringing than fathers. Hence, the warm and positive relations with mothers have a positive impact on the   development. The research described in the article of Velez et al (2011) shows that child-mother relationship are connected with the processes and improves coping efficacy and active coping. Nevertheless, the relations with fathers are not less important. The assumption that fathers stay indifferent to the loss of relations with children or to the usual to them atmosphere is erroneous. For instance, Kruk in his article (2010) provided the exp erimental evidences that fathers’ psychological reaction to   a possible loss of child-father relations is quite strong.   As in most cases mothers become custodial parents after the divorce, fathers can feel lonely and depressed. The suicide rate after divorce among fathers is much higher than among mothers. The article also emphasized the psychological perspectives of father-child bonds, which determined their participation in child care (Kruk, 2010). The responsibilities are divided between both parents, and during the last decade the fathers have become more involved into it. Consequently, father’s influence to child’s sex-role, intellectual, moral development, achievements motivation, social competence is very essential. The relations of the parents after the divorce, such as parents’ remarrying and cohabiting also have an impact on the further life of the children, not only right after the divorce, but also in the long-term perspective. Ahrons (2007) in his research of such influence interviewed the children twenty years after the divorce and has reported the evidences that children, whose parents were cooperative, had better relations with parents and other family members. This is an important fact for the future success in life and less negative emotions during the lifespan. Indeed, the researches mentioned above provide numerous evidences that a family plays a great role in children’s psychological development on all levels. The divorce is a negative event, which destroys the friendly atmosphere between the parents and, therefore, influences the further child’s behavior. In order to prevent the negative consequences, which can result in deterioration on the level of   academic achievements, conduct, psychological adjustment, self-concept, and social relations, it is necessary to provide a child with necessary for them mother-child and father-child relations, which are obviously equally important. Therefore, even if divorce took place in the family the image of the parents, who stay happy, support friendly relations and discuss their children‘s problems, should become helpful to avoid the negative consequences of divorce. In the current research children from the divorced families were interviewed, and the influence of parents’ relation on their behavior in the society, intimate relations, educational achievements, self-evaluation were researched. The participants were divided according to their parents’ post-divorce relations and gender. They were interviewed with the help of closed-ended questions, which indicated how the absence of communication with one of the parents influenced different spheres of their lives. Therefore, taking into consideration the previous researches of the divorce negative effects on children, it is necessary to investigate how they can be minimized. The findings show which sphere of children’s life is influenced more; and why parents should stay cooperative and amicable towards each other after the divorce. Participants In order to test the hypothesis that the post-divorce communication of parents has an impact on children’s psychological state, the age group of adolescents aged 13-18 was interviewed.   The children from the divorced families (10 persons, whose parents were cooperative and amicable, 10 persons, whose parents were struggling against each other, age range: 13-18) were found with the help of social networks and asked to participate in the research. The interview was anonymous, confidential, ethical, private, and the response rate was 100%. For testing of the second hypothesis that the gender of children is influential for the results, each stratum of 10 persons consisted of 5 male and 5 female representatives. Research design To gain the evidences of the influence of the parental conflicts or communication after the divorce on their children, and uncover the spheres of the strongest influence on children, a qualitative research based on the analysis of twenty interviews was held. Materials and Procedure To collect data for the research, all the participants were provided with the same questionnaire lists of eight closed-ended questions, which investigated children’s mental state on the level of behavior in the society, educational achievements, intimate relations, child-parents relations. The list for the observatory groups included a total of eight questions, each of which had two possible answers defining high or low levels of the events or feelings accordingly. The sampling method chosen for the research was a probability stratified sampling method, which reduces sampling error. As it was mentioned above, the questions were closed-ended, aimed to compare the levels of intimate relations, child-parental relations, educational achievements, and confliction society position of the children of divorce, who were treated in different ways. The answers were sent through the e-mail and afterwards grouped according to 2 strata and analyzed according to 4 spheres of influence. After wards, as the previous researches of the scholars proved that there exists the difference between male and female reaction on the divorce (e.g. Allison, 1989; Simons, 1999; Velez, 2011; Kruk, 2010), it was necessary to compare the answers of the gender subgroups of both strata. The results of the research were depicted in the diagrams presented in attachment (see Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3). Measures According to the data analysis, the average age of all the participants was 14, 5 years. This age group is referred to as adolescents, and, in general, is characterized by high emotionality and the main norms and aims establishment, which is important to take into account for the further discussion. The calculations showed that regarding the behavior of the first stratum of the society, 90% of the participants were bent to conflicts and rarely took part in the social school life while the index for children from the second group was only 20%. The education achievements were average for both strata and got 8 and 7 points out of 10 possible accordingly. Regarding the intimate relations it was calculated that the children of those parents, who struggle after the divorce feel lonely 40% more often than of those, who cooperate with each other and have a lower index of friends’ number, which was calculated as 2 for the first group and 5 for the second one. 100% of the interviewed ch ildren from the first stratum stated that they lacked the communication with a non-residential parent. Only 10% of the second group participants answered positively to this question. Comparing the data considering gender differences it is important to mention that 100% of girls from the first stratum appeared to be bent to conflicts and did not take part in social events, and only 80% of boys answered the questions in the same way. The points for education achievements for boys and girls were not very different and were calculated as 8. The index of loneliness was higher among girls, 100% of answered that felt lonely often. 80% was the index of the boys, who answered the same questions. The number of friends among both genders did not differ. 100% of both male and female participants lacked communication with their non-custodial parents (see Figure 2). Regarding the difference between male and female participants from the second stratum, the indicators of three spheres were different: education achievements, intimate relations, lack of parental attention (see Figure 3). Results The findings of the research show how the behavior of the parents influences the children’s life after divorce. It is obvious that sensitizing the children against a non-residential parent and inter parental conflicts after the divorce have a negative influence on the child’s development. Comparing two strata, the difference between which lies in the parental behavior, it is necessary to emphasize that the sphere of relations between a child and is influenced the most. 100% of the participants, who did not have the possibility to communicate with a non-custodial parent, felt the lack of attention and communication with them. Among those, whose parents were amicable and cooperative, only 10 % of the participants answered the question positively. All of them were female representatives. This can be explained by girls’ higher level of emotionality and sensitivity. The next sphere dealt with difficulties in intimate relations. The participants of the first stratum we re obviously less communicative and had fewer friends. Again the index for the female representatives was higher than the male one. The educational achievements of the children were not influenced by the parents’ behavior. Proneness to conflicts among children from the first group was much higher. It means that children from the divorced families lose the ability to avoid and soothe the conflicts and do not tend to participate in the social life. Comparing to the second stratum, the representatives of the first one were less communicative and bent to loneliness and conflicts. Finally, the communication between children and their parents, usually non-custodial ones, is the sphere, which is influenced the most. It is more difficult for them to adjust in the children’s group and they are more introvert. Discussion The results of the research present the evidences of the negative effects of divorce on children. Though the divorce itself appears to be a psychological trauma for the parents as well, its effects can be minimized with the help of influence on their post-divorce behavior. That is why it is necessary to make the parents aware of the peculiarities of the child psychology and importance of communication with both of the parents. As the adolescent age group needs to be investigated, the research was based on the answers of children, whose average age was 14,5. The parental conflicts and behavior in general obviously have an impact on the mentioned spheres of children’s lives. The parent-child relations are influenced the most and the educational achievements of children are influenced the least. Nevertheless, the indexes can be not accurate. It is important to mention that judging the influence of parental behavior on such spheres as adjustment in the society, educational achievements, intimate relations, lack of parental attention for the adolescents’ group should take into account the peculiarities of their age. The number of the participants was not high. Consequently, it is difficult to calculate the accurate percentage. Moreover, it is necessary to question the parents of the participants to get more precise results. To sum it up, regardless the inaccuracy of some indexes, the research contributes to the studies of the divorce effects on children and gives evidences that parents should put the children’s interests prior to those of their own. Moreover, educating parents about the effect of divorce on their children should influence their decisions and post-divorce behavior positively.

Philosophy Life and Death Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Philosophy Life and Death - Essay Example However, when people can be given chances to become immortal, then they will immediately accept the chances to live forever, but the fact is that nobody can resist death. Secondly, nobody easily accepts death, and people usually do what they can, to survive difficult situations. This is the reason as to why many people readily pay for expensive medical covers, to safeguard their lives, and even drink chemical concoctions to conquer death. Gilgamesh finally concludes that death is unavoidable, and he too will someday die (McCaughrean G, Parkins 87). As a young man, Montaigne had an excessive fear for death, and this almost made enjoying life difficult for him. As a philosopher, he spent most of his time teaching people on how to encounter the fear of death. He based his teachings on the ideas presented, by some early philosophers, which stated the best way to treat your own mortality is to think about it constantly (Montaigne 243). Additionally, this theory further stated â€Å"dwell on your death every day, and you will become so used to it as an idea that cannot scare you when it arrives in reality† (Montaigne 243). Montaigne argues that death holds little to worry about; therefore, we should not bother our heads about it. According to his theory, the acceptance of death is something more than just a therapeutic tool (Montaigne 251). Therefore, when people expect too much out of themselves and try to control every aspect of their experiences, they will actually undermine that control. This also applies to death too; wh en we expect it, then we will not bother us. Lao-tzu’s â€Å"Tao Te Ching†, is an extremely difficult piece to interpret and understand due to the repletion used, and use of highly difficult-to-interpret symbolism. According to my understanding â€Å"tao† apparently means road or way. In other words, it is a way of doing things.

Memorandum of Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Memorandum of Law - Case Study Example Likewise if he goes on to the wrong side of the road. It is no answer for him to say: 'I was a learner driver under instruction. I was doing my best and could not help it.' The civil law permits no such excuse. It requires of him the same standard of care as of any other driver. 'It eliminates the personal equation and is independent of the idiosyncrasies of the particular person whose conduct is in question.' The learner driver may be doing his best, but his incompetent best is not good enough. He must drive in as good a manner as a driver of skill, experience and care, who is sound in wind and limb, who makes no errors of judgment, has good eyesight and hearing, and is free from any infirmity."3 Applying the same principle to the instant case, the biker must, whether or not she is driving a car or a bicycle or motorcycle, whether in a road, highway, street, or bicycle path in a local park, as a driver drive in as good a manner as a driver of skill, experience and care, sound in win d and limb, who makes no errors of judgment, has good eyesight and hearing, and is free from any infirmity. ... er had been exchanging text messages on his mobile phone, and that it had been the driver's inattention through using his mobile phone that caused the accident. Likewise, in the case of R. v Payne (John),5 it was ruled that the driver was rightfully convicted because the driver allowed himself to be distracted whilst driving.6 In the case of the biker, he was not watching where he was going and has in fact been reprimanded by Cost Price Courier's on several occasions for failure to adhere to traffic regulations. Hence, the biker was negligent in his driving and in breach of his duty of care as a driver. Causation. To be able to claim against the for personal injury and/or damage to property under the law of tort and against the doctor for professional negligence, it is imperative for the boy and his parents to establish causation. There is causation when both factual causation and legal causation are present. Factual causation refers to the nexus between the defendant's action and the claimant's damage (the 'but for' test) while legal causation refers to the break or 'novus actus' in the chain of causation. Applying the 'but for' test applied by Lord Denning in Cork v Kirby MacLean [1952], and illustrated in Barnett v Chelsea and Kensington Hospital Management Committee [1969], the boy would not have suffered personal injury (head injuries and brain damage) and damage to property (probably his skateboard) but for failure of the biker to drive properly and carefully considering that he was not looking where he was going and that he has been repeatedly reprimanded by his employer on s everal occasions for failure to adhere to traffic regulations. The boy and the parents could argue that there is no evidence of a 'novus actus' breaking the chain of causation. The biker is